Vidhi Codex

PORTUGUESE CIVIL CODE, 1867

The Portuguese Civil Code, 1867

General18672540 sections

This Act serves as the foundational body of civil law regulating personal status, family relationships, property rights, and inheritance within the jurisdiction. It defines the fundamental legal principle of juridical personality, stipulating that only men are susceptible to rights and obligations, thereby constituting their legal standing or personality. The legislation extends the code, originally approved in 1867 through the Charter of Law, to the overseas provinces. Furthermore, it establishes the legal timeline, setting the commencement of its valid provisions specifically within the continental territory, marking the start of the code's legal enforceability in those regions.

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  1. 1. Approval of the Civil Code
  2. 2. Commencement in continental territory
  3. 3. Date of promulgation
  4. 4. Provisions dependent on public offices
  5. 5. Revocation of earlier legislation
  6. 6. Modifications to the Code
  7. 7. Commission of jurists
  8. 8. Regulations for implementation
  9. 9. Extension to overseas provinces
  10. 10. Repeal of contradictory legislation
  11. 11. Repeal of contrary legislation
  12. 12. Principle of legitimation of exercise of right
  13. 13. Immunity from damages resulting from exercise of right
  14. 14. Conflict of rights
  15. 15. Plain concurrence of rights
  16. 16. Interpretation and integration of the law
  17. 17. Applicability of the Portuguese Civil Code to Portuguese citizens only
  18. 18. Acquisition of Portuguese citizenship
  19. 19. Requirements for grant of naturalization
  20. 20. Restrictions to the juridical capacity of the citizen by naturalization
  21. 21. Registration of certificate of naturalization
  22. 22. Loss of Portuguese citizenship
  23. 23. Effects of recovery of Portuguese nationality
  24. 24. Law governing civil acts of the Portuguese in foreign country
  25. 25. Extra territorial jurisdiction of Portuguese courts
  26. 26. Juridical capacity of foreigners in Portugal
  27. 27. Law governing the status and capacity of foreigners
  28. 28. International jurisdiction of Portuguese Courts
  29. 29. International jurisdiction of Portuguese Courts
  30. 30. Predominance of treaties
  31. 31. Execution of judgements passed by foreign courts
  32. 32. Concept of Juridical persons
  33. 33. Recognition of legal persons
  34. 34. Capacity of collective persons. Principle of speciality
  35. 35. Capacity of legal persons to acquire assets
  36. 36. Disposal of assets of dissolved legal persons
  37. 37. Collective persons not included in Article 32
  38. 38. Abolition of privilege of restitution in full
  39. 39. Regulation of collective persons under private statutes for private purposes
  40. 40. Purpose of the domicile
  41. 41. Concept of domicile
  42. 42. Types of domicile
  43. 43. Domicile in case of more than one residence
  44. 44. Change of domicile
  45. 45. Domicile in the absence of permanent residence
  46. 46. Special domicile
  47. 47. Necessary domicile of the minor
  48. 48. Necessary domicile of majors subject to guardianship
  49. 49. Necessary domicile of married woman
  50. 50. Domicile of servants and habitual workers
  51. 51. Domicile of public servants
  52. 52. Domicile of soldiers and sailors
  53. 53. Domicile of the convicted accused
  54. 54. Cessation of necessary domicile
  55. 55. Provisional curatorship and conservatory measures of the properties of the absentee
  56. 56. Who may apply for provisional curatorship
  57. 57. Preferential order given in the matter of selection of the curator
  58. 58. Inventory and security for the purpose of receiving assets
  59. 59. Powers of the provisional curator
  60. 60. Appointment of curator ad litem to the absentee
  61. 61. Remuneration of the provisional curator
  62. 62. Assistance of the Public Ministry to the absentee
  63. 63. End of provisional curatorship
  64. 64. Institution of the definitive Curatorship
  65. 65. Formalities required for delivery and execution of the judgment
  66. 66. Opening of closed will
  67. 67. Delivery of the estate to the legatees and other interested parties
  68. 68. Exclusion of original curator
  69. 69. Inventory and security for the delivery of the assets
  70. 70. Consequences of non-furnishing of security
  71. 71. Rights of definitive curators
  72. 72. Provisions regarding the assets and rights which accrue to the absentee
  73. 73. Appropriation of income on the part of curators and other interested parties
  74. 74. Other powers and rights of definitive curators
  75. 75. Rendering of accounts by the definitive curators
  76. 76. In which cases and under what terms the definitive curators may alienate assets of the absentee
  77. 77. Compromise and renunciation of the inheritance on the part of curators
  78. 78. Termination of definitive curatorship
  79. 79. Effects of termination of the curatorship
  80. 80. Return of the absentee or his descendants or ascendants
  81. 81. Appearance of other heirs
  82. 82. Inventory of the assets of the married absentee
  83. 83. Administration of the assets of the married absentee, without issues
  84. 84. Powers of the non-absentee spouse in respect of his/her assets
  85. 85. Rights and obligations of the non-absentee spouse in respect of assets of the absentee
  86. 86. Return of the absentee
  87. 87. Termination of administration
  88. 88. Effects of the death of non-absentee spouse
  89. 89. Late return of the absentee
  90. 90. Effects of absence, the absentee having left spouse and common issues
  91. 91. Administration of the assets of absentee, where the children are major or emancipated
  92. 92. Rules applicable in case there are minor children
  93. 93. Rules in case the children are not common
  94. 94. Late return of the absentee
  95. 95. Simultaneous or successive absence of both the spouses leaving major issues
  96. 96. Simultaneous or successive absence there being minor issues
  97. 97. Definition of minority
  98. 98. Legal incapacity of minor
  99. 99. Who can plead Minor’s incapacity
  100. 100. Making up for minor’s incapacity
  101. 101. Children who are presumed to be legitimate
  102. 102. Legitimacy of the children born within 180 days subsequent to marriage
  103. 103. How the presumption of Article 101 can be rebutted
  104. 104. How the presumption of illegitimacy of the child born after 300 days can be rebutted
  105. 105. Challenge based on the impotency of the husband
  106. 106. Who can challenge the legitimacy of the children
  107. 107. Time limit for challenge of legitimacy by the father
  108. 108. Challenge of legitimacy by the heirs of the husband
  109. 109. Limitation for the suit which can be instituted by the heirs
  110. 110. Condition for acquisition of personality
  111. 111. Assertion of the status of legitimate child
  112. 112. Locus standi of heirs in the suits for assertion of the status
  113. 113. Appointment of tutor to the child and hearing given to mother
  114. 114. Proof of legitimate filiation
  115. 115. Concept of possession of status
  116. 116. Other means of the proof of legitimate filiation
  117. 117. Probative value of the registration of the birth
  118. 118. Proof admissible against assertion of status
  119. 119. Legitimated children
  120. 120. Persons who are benefited by legitimation
  121. 121. Effects of legitimation
  122. 122. Children who may be legitimated by acknowledgement
  123. 123. Eternal form of legitimation by recognition
  124. 124. Restrictions on voluntary legitimation through acknowledgement by one of the parents
  125. 125. Ingredients of the legitimation by recognition in separate
  126. 126. Necessity of the consent of a major child
  127. 127. Limitation for challenging the legitimation by recognition of minor child
  128. 128. Who can contest the recognition or the challenge to the recognition
  129. 129. Effect of legitimation by recognition
  130. 130. Cases in which investigation into illegitimate paternity is admissible
  131. 131. Suit for investigation into maternity
  132. 132. Cases in which investigation into paternity or maternity is not permissible
  133. 133. Limitation for investigation of suits for declaration
  134. 134. Meaning of spurious children
  135. 135. Legal position of children who may not be acknowledged
  136. 136. Requirements for demands of maintenance
  137. 137. Content of parental authority
  138. 138. Attributes of each parent in the exercise of parental authority
  139. 139. Exercise of parental authority by mother
  140. 140. Duty of parents towards children
  141. 141. Limitations on parental power
  142. 142. Children’s duties towards parents
  143. 143. Corrective power
  144. 144. Assets of which parents have right to ownership and usufruct
  145. 145. Assets of which parents have right to usufruct only
  146. 146. Assets over which only parents have right to administration
  147. 147. Assets over which parents have no rights whatsoever
  148. 148. Charges on statutory usufruct
  149. 149. Cessation of usufruct
  150. 150. Restriction on powers of parents as regards children’s assets
  151. 151. Furnishing of security
  152. 152. Submission of accounts
  153. 153. Conflict of interests between parents and minor children
  154. 154. Delivery of assets and income to children
  155. 155. Parental authority after death of one parent
  156. 156. Inventory of minor’s assets
  157. 157. Guardian of child in womb
  158. 158. Duties of curator of orphans
  159. 159. Appointment of advisors to widow
  160. 160. Who may be appointed advisor
  161. 161. Prohibition against mother from exercising maternal control
  162. 162. Maternal power of re-married mother
  163. 163. Administration of the assets of the minor
  164. 164. Restoration of the administration
  165. 165. Regulation in the event of annulment of marriage or judicial separation
  166. 166. Parental authority in relation to children legitimated by recognition
  167. 167. Parental power over non- legitimated children
  168. 168. Grounds for suspension of Parental authority
  169. 169. Continuance of usufruct
  170. 170. Termination of parental authority
  171. 171. Meaning of maintenance
  172. 172. Duty to pay maintenance
  173. 173. Duty to pay maintenance in absence of parents
  174. 174. Providers of maintenance in absence of parents and other ascendants
  175. 175. Maintenance to acknowledged children
  176. 176. Devolution of duty to provide maintenance
  177. 177. Liability for maintenance in absence of ascendants and brothers or sisters
  178. 178. Criteria for fixation of maintenance
  179. 179. Termination of duty to provide maintenance
  180. 180. Termination or reduction of maintenance due to reprehensible conduct
  181. 181. Reduction of maintenance
  182. 182. Relinquishment of maintenance
  183. 183. Manner of providing maintenance
  184. 184. Date of payment of maintenance
  185. 185. When guardianship of minors arises
  186. 186. Mandatory nature of the duty of guardianship
  187. 187. Guardianship through whom exercised
  188. 188. Territorial Jurisdiction of Courts
  189. 189. Intimation of demise of person leaving minor heirs
  190. 190. Interim measures and institution of Inventory
  191. 191. Judicial intervention suo moto
  192. 192. Responsibility of the Judge and the Public Ministry
  193. 193. Appointment of guardian in Will
  194. 194. Sole or multiple guardians
  195. 195. Lapse of appointment made by mother
  196. 196. Successive guardians
  197. 197. Appointment of guardian or administrator by third person
  198. 198. Term of testamentary guardians
  199. 199. When legal guardianship arises
  200. 200. Devolution of statutory guardianship
  201. 201. Duration and confirmation of legal guardianship
  202. 202. When guardianship by appointment arises
  203. 203. Who can appoint the guardian
  204. 204. Duration of dative guardianship
  205. 205. Appointment of pro-guardian
  206. 206. Rules about the appointment of pro- guardian
  207. 207. Composition of the family council
  208. 208. Composition of the council with strangers
  209. 209. Composition with relatives residing outside the jurisdiction of the Inventory Court
  210. 210. Meeting of family council
  211. 211. Notice of the meeting
  212. 212. Intervention of the child above 14 years
  213. 213. Compulsory appearance of the members
  214. 214. Penalty for non-appearance
  215. 215. Intervention of the Public Ministry and guardian
  216. 216. Presiding officer
  217. 217. Quorum necessary for decision
  218. 218. Conflict of interest
  219. 219. Decision by majority
  220. 220. Function of the Public Ministry
  221. 221. Powers of the curators of orphans
  222. 222. Joint responsibility of the curator and of the Judge
  223. 223. Penalty to the judge when he fails to hear the curator
  224. 224. Power of the Family council
  225. 225. Single guardian
  226. 226. Composition and functions of the council of guardianship
  227. 227. Grounds for exemption of guardianship and pro-guardianship
  228. 228. Exemption of the persons who are not relatives
  229. 229. When the exemption should be sought
  230. 230. When the ground for exemption cease to exist
  231. 231. Consequences of rejection of the appeal
  232. 232. Effects of exemption
  233. 233. Exemption by members of family council
  234. 234. Persons who are barred of being guardians, pro-guardians, or members of the council
  235. 235. Grounds for removal of guardian
  236. 236. Power of the council for exclusion or removal of guardian and pro-guardian
  237. 237. Reasoned order
  238. 238. Immediate execution
  239. 239. Appeal against the decision of the council
  240. 240. Provisional measure in the case of exclusion
  241. 241. Provisional measure in case of removal
  242. 242. Prohibition for the office for member of family council
  243. 243. Functions of the guardian
  244. 244. Acts prohibited to the guardian
  245. 245. Restriction to clause 4 of preceding article
  246. 246. Amount payable to the guardian by the minor prior to the guardianship
  247. 247. Remuneration to the guardian
  248. 248. Responsibilities of the guardian
  249. 249. Accounts by the guardian
  250. 250. Examination and approval of the accounts
  251. 251. Documentation of the accounts
  252. 252. Assurance as the expenses incurred by the guardian
  253. 253. Interest payable in case of deficit by the guardian
  254. 254. Balance in favour of guardian
  255. 255. Liability of the guardian in debt
  256. 256. Rendering of accounts by heirs or representatives of the guardian
  257. 257. Rendering of accounts toward former wards major or emancipated
  258. 258. Functions of pro-guardian
  259. 259. Attendance at meetings of the family council
  260. 260. Supervision over the administration by the guardian
  261. 261. Delegation by guardian to pro guardian
  262. 262. Acts prohibited to the pro-guardian and his responsibility
  263. 263. Lease of the assets of the minors
  264. 264. Lease upto 3 years
  265. 265. Leases for a period exceeding 3 years
  266. 266. Leases left to the discretion of the father
  267. 267. Sale of movable assets
  268. 268. Sale of the immovable assets of the minor
  269. 269. Sale of the assets outside the jurisdiction of the inventory
  270. 270. Fixing of value of assets
  271. 271. Value in case of second auction
  272. 272. Second auction or forgoing of alienation
  273. 273. Formalities to be observed in case of auction
  274. 274. Alienation of assets of the minor subject to the paternal power
  275. 275. General rule in respect of guardianship of the children legitimated by recognition
  276. 276. Council of neighbours
  277. 277. Appointment of the guardian by the acknowledging parent
  278. 278. No legal guardianship
  279. 279. Appointment of the guardian by the father or mother
  280. 280. Appointment of the guardian by the Court
  281. 281. Suits for maintenance
  282. 282. Composition and regime of guardianship
  283. 283. Minor deemed as abandoned
  284. 284. Guardianship of foundlings and abandoned minors
  285. 285. Destination of the children after attaining 7 years of age
  286. 286. Career of the child
  287. 287. Guardian of foundlings or abandoned children
  288. 288. Outer limit to impose restrictions
  289. 289. Optional emancipation
  290. 290. Property rights of a foundling or of an abandoned child
  291. 291. Legal emancipation
  292. 292. Legal succession of the foundling or the abandoned child
  293. 293. Provisions applicable to the foundling or abandoned child in other circumstances
  294. 294. Protection to the children of indigent persons
  295. 295. Right of the parents to get back the children
  296. 296. Restrictions of the guardianship vesting on the municipalities
  297. 297. Abolition of the privilege of restitution in full
  298. 298. Acts of the minor which are not valid
  299. 299. Voidable Acts
  300. 300. Register of guardianship
  301. 301. Contents of the book
  302. 302. Alphabetical index
  303. 303. Responsibility of the clerk or of the judge
  304. 304. Modes of emancipation
  305. 305. Effects of emancipation
  306. 306. Requisites for validity of emancipation by marriage
  307. 307. Requisites for validity of emancipation by grant
  308. 308. Formalities of the emancipation
  309. 309. Proceeding for the emancipated person to get administration of his assets
  310. 310. Irrevocability of emancipation
  311. 311. Age for attaining majority and its effect
  312. 312. Application for delivery of assets
  313. 313. Cases in which the judge should withhold the delivery of the assets
  314. 314. Juridical concept of insanity and its modalities
  315. 315. Who can apply for interdiction
  316. 316. Cases in which the Public Ministry may petition
  317. 317. Steps to be observed in the proceedings of interdiction
  318. 318. Formation of Family Council
  319. 319. Registration and publication of the judgement
  320. 320. Priorities according to which the guardianship is granted
  321. 321. Effects of interdiction
  322. 322. Regime of Guardianship granted in favour of father or mother of the interdicted
  323. 323. Regime of Guardianship granted in favour of other spouse
  324. 324. Cases in which there is no room for inventory
  325. 325. Exemption to render the accounts
  326. 326. Powers of husband - guardian
  327. 327. Power of wife as guardian
  328. 328. Powers of other guardians
  329. 329. Expansion of guardianship of interdicted in respect of minor issues
  330. 330. Appointment of proguardian
  331. 331. Duration of guardianship
  332. 332. Main purpose of the guardianship
  333. 333. Need of judicial permission for restrictive measures against personal liberty
  334. 334. Annulment of act subsequent to judgement
  335. 335. Nullities of acts prior to judgement
  336. 336. Vacating of the interdiction
  337. 337. Guardianship of deaf-dumb
  338. 338. Extent & limits of the Interdiction
  339. 339. Who can apply for Interdiction
  340. 340. Legal concept of prodigality
  341. 341. Who can apply for interdiction
  342. 342. Competent Court for the suit
  343. 343. Form of the proceedings of interdiction
  344. 344. Extension of the interdiction. Registration of the order
  345. 345. Capacity of the prodigal
  346. 346. Administration of the assets of the prodigal and of his children under disability
  347. 347. Patrimonial capacity of the wife of the prodigal
  348. 348. Fixation of the quantum for ordinary expenses
  349. 349. Appointment of provisional curator
  350. 350. Appeal against the acts of the curator
  351. 351. Rights and obligations of the administrators of the assets
  352. 352. Lifting of the interdiction
  353. 353. Rescission of acts performed in a state of accidental incapacity
  354. 354. Possibility of filing other suits
  355. 355. Incapacity resulting from a penal sentence
  356. 356. Notification of curator
  357. 357. Extension and effects of curatorship
  358. 358. Duration of curatorship
  359. 359. Original rights
  360. 360. Right to existence
  361. 361. Right to liberty
  362. 362. Inviolability of thought
  363. 363. Right to expression
  364. 364. Right of action
  365. 365. Right of association
  366. 366. Right of appropriation
  367. 367. Right of defence
  368. 368. Characteristics of original rights
  369. 369. Juridical notion of a thing
  370. 370. Things susceptible to appropriation
  371. 371. Things outside commerce
  372. 372. Criteria for exclusion of things from commerce
  373. 373. Movable and immovable things
  374. 374. Immovables by nature and by human act
  375. 375. Immovables by operation of law
  376. 376. Movables by nature or by operation of law
  377. 377. Immobile things and mobiliary things
  378. 378. Movables of a house or building
  379. 379. Public, common or private things
  380. 380. Enumeration of public things
  381. 381. List of common things
  382. 382. Private things
  383. 383. Occupation as a means of acquisition
  384. 384. Hunting
  385. 385. Hunting in cultivated lands
  386. 386. Hunting in plantation lands
  387. 387. Hunting in orchard lands
  388. 388. Right to the wounded prey
  389. 389. Right to the kill
  390. 390. Duties of the hunter
  391. 391. Hunting in enclosed properties
  392. 392. Animals prejudicial to cultivation
  393. 393. Protection of fledglings
  394. 394. Regulation of hunting
  395. 395. Fishing in public waters
  396. 396. Prohibition of encroachment in lands on river banks
  397. 397. Fishing in private waters
  398. 398. Regulation of fishing
  399. 399. Fishing in private nurseries
  400. 400. Occupancy of wild animals
  401. 401. Right to the occupied animal
  402. 402. Occupation of swarms of bees
  403. 403. Escaped ferocious animals
  404. 404. Occupation of domestic animals
  405. 405. Lost animals
  406. 406. Duties of the finder
  407. 407. Communication to the owner
  408. 408. Unknown owner
  409. 409. Expenses with the animal found
  410. 410. Responsibility of the finder
  411. 411. Occupancy of movables
  412. 412. Things abandoned at transport stations
  413. 413. Lost things
  414. 414. Obligation of finder
  415. 415. Unknown owner
  416. 416. Publicity as to the thing found
  417. 417. Notices to be free of cost
  418. 418. Expenses in preserving the thing
  419. 419. Rights of the finder
  420. 420. Liability of the finder
  421. 421. Presumption of loss of thing
  422. 422. Meaning of treasure
  423. 423. Duty to inform and announce the finding
  424. 424. Ownership of treasure
  425. 425. Search of treasures in the property of another
  426. 426. Search in public property
  427. 427. Unlawful appropriation
  428. 428. Shipwrecked vessels
  429. 429. Animals washed ashore
  430. 430. Natural products not appropriated
  431. 431. Use of public waters
  432. 432. Permanent construction or work
  433. 433. Lapse of right due to abandonment of work
  434. 434. Use of waters which are neither navigable nor floatable
  435. 435. Alteration of the water bed
  436. 436. Sharing of waters amongst adjoining properties
  437. 437. Rights of adjoining owners
  438. 438. Saving of acquired rights
  439. 439. Regulation of future use
  440. 440. Domestic use
  441. 441. Duty not to pollute excess waters
  442. 442. Free flow of water
  443. 443. Liability of defaulters
  444. 444. Springs and water sources
  445. 445. Medicinal waters
  446. 446. Flow of falling waters
  447. 447. Use by local residents or families
  448. 448. Compensation to owner of water sources
  449. 449. Change of water course
  450. 450. Subterranean waters
  451. 451. Fountain or public reservoir
  452. 452. Underground water in public land
  453. 453. Rain waters from falls and floods
  454. 454. Rain waters falling over private property
  455. 455. No prescription on rain waters
  456. 456. Legal easement of aqueducts
  457. 457. Legal procedure
  458. 458. Maintenance of aqueduct
  459. 459. Change of aqueduct
  460. 460. Compulsory sharing of aqueduct
  461. 461. Easement for water flow
  462. 462. Draining of properties
  463. 463. Legal easement for water gates
  464. 464. Compulsory sharing of water gates
  465. 465. Search for minerals
  466. 466. Search and extraction of minerals in the property of another
  467. 467. Regulation of mining
  468. 468. Occupancy of vegetable matter in water
  469. 469. Vegetable substances in common waters
  470. 470. Vegetable substances dumped on private land
  471. 471. Regulation of right to occupancy
  472. 472. Vegetable substances belonging to the State
  473. 473. Vegetable substances on Municipal or village land
  474. 474. Concept of Possession
  475. 475. Kinds of Possession
  476. 476. Meaning of Good Faith and Bad Faith
  477. 477. Presumption of Ownership
  478. 478. Presumption of Good faith
  479. 479. Objects of Possession
  480. 480. Capacity to possess
  481. 481. Mode of exercise of possession
  482. 482. Loss of possession
  483. 483. Heritability of Possession
  484. 484. Protection and Restoration of Possession
  485. 485. Suit to protect possession
  486. 486. Restoration and preservation of possession by party himself or through Court
  487. 487. Suit for recovery of possession
  488. 488. Possession for a period of less than one year
  489. 489. Possession for a period exceeding one year
  490. 490. Scope of possessory suits
  491. 491. Consequences of preservation and recovery of possession by legal means
  492. 492. Compensation for disturbing possession
  493. 493. Place of Restoration
  494. 494. Damage to or loss of thing possessed in good faith
  495. 495. Enjoyment by possessor in good faith
  496. 496. Liability of possessor in bad faith
  497. 497. Return of produce
  498. 498. Expenses for conservation
  499. 499. Valuable improvements
  500. 500. Unnecessary improvements
  501. 501. Set off of improvements and deteriorations
  502. 502. Unnecessary improvements
  503. 503. Improvements not attributable to the possessor
  504. 504. Rights to sue for possession – limitation
  505. 505. Concept of prescription
  506. 506. Object of prescription
  507. 507. Benefit of prescription
  508. 508. Bar on relinquishment of rights through prescription
  509. 509. Enforcement of prescription by interested parties
  510. 510. Acquisition of title by prescription
  511. 511. Prescription by joint possessor
  512. 512. Prescription acquired by co-owner
  513. 513. Prescription by joint debtor
  514. 514. Prescription as defence
  515. 515. Need to plead prescription
  516. 516. Prescription against the State and legal persons
  517. 517. Ingredients of prescriptive possession
  518. 518. Possession based on title
  519. 519. Proof of title
  520. 520. Good faith
  521. 521. Peaceful possession
  522. 522. Continuous possession
  523. 523. Public possession
  524. 524. Registration of possession
  525. 525. Provisional Registration
  526. 526. Time limits for prescription
  527. 527. Bad faith and absence of title
  528. 528. Absence of registration
  529. 529. Absence of registration, bad faith and absence of title
  530. 530. Variation from the preceding provisions
  531. 531. Rights rarely exercised
  532. 532. Time limit for prescription of movables
  533. 533. Prescription of lost or stolen movables
  534. 534. Return of object purchased by third party in good faith
  535. 535. General period for negative prescription
  536. 536. Counting of time limit for prescription
  537. 537. Obligations not subject to prescription
  538. 538. Prescriptions of 6 months
  539. 539. Prescriptions of one year
  540. 540. Prescriptions of two years
  541. 541. Prescriptions of three years
  542. 542. Acknowledgement on oath as proof of payment
  543. 543. Prescription of five years
  544. 544. Bad faith
  545. 545. Obligations bearing interest or rent
  546. 546. Duty to furnish accounts
  547. 547. Special prescriptions
  548. 548. Against whom prescriptions may run
  549. 549. Suspension of prescription
  550. 550. Prescription against minors
  551. 551. Causes of suspension
  552. 552. Causes of interruption of prescription
  553. 553. Survival of the effects of a nullified notice
  554. 554. Interruption against sole debtor
  555. 555. Interruption against heirs of the debtor
  556. 556. Interruption which benefits the surety
  557. 557. Interruption in joint liabilities
  558. 558. Interruption in favour of joint creditor
  559. 559. Effects of interruption
  560. 560. Counting of time
  561. 561. Prescription counted by days
  562. 562. Beginning and end of prescriptive period
  563. 563. Term ending on a holiday
  564. 564. Prescriptions which commence before the Code
  565. 565. Rights not affected by prescription
  566. 566. Transitory provisions regarding counting of time periods
  567. 567. Work as a means of acquisition
  568. 568. Liability in the exercise of right to work
  569. 569. Ownership of the produce of labour
  570. 570. Right to publish literary work
  571. 571. Publication of statutory instruments
  572. 572. Publication of official speeches
  573. 573. Publication of lectures and sermons
  574. 574. Ownership of manuscripts
  575. 575. Letters sent
  576. 576. Copyright
  577. 577. Rights of foreign author
  578. 578. Principle of reciprocity
  579. 579. Devolution of the rights of a writer
  580. 580. Copyright by the State
  581. 581. Co authorship
  582. 582. Copyright of Editors
  583. 583. Anonymous and pseudonymous works
  584. 584. Transitory provision regarding copyright
  585. 585. Copyright in posthumous work
  586. 586. Work of unidentified author
  587. 587. Acquisition of copyright through expropriation
  588. 588. Duties of editor
  589. 589. Commencement of publication
  590. 590. Nature of copyright
  591. 591. Work in public domain
  592. 592. Copyright not subject to prescription
  593. 593. Writings prohibited by law
  594. 594. Copyright in dramatic works
  595. 595. Performance of drama
  596. 596. Unauthorized performance
  597. 597. Share of the author cannot be encumbered
  598. 598. Modifications to the play during performance
  599. 599. Legal force of a performance contract
  600. 600. Rescission of the contract
  601. 601. Jurisdiction
  602. 602. Copyright in artistic works
  603. 603. Pre-requisites for legal protection
  604. 604. Compulsory deposit and registration
  605. 605. Registration of works
  606. 606. Evidentiary value of works
  607. 607. Infringement of literary or artistic copyright
  608. 608. Fraudulent printing or reproduction
  609. 609. Sale of fraudulent work
  610. 610. Unauthorized publication of manuscript
  611. 611. Injunction on fraudulent work
  612. 612. Criminal liability of counterfeiter
  613. 613. Patents
  614. 614. Grant of patent
  615. 615. Inventions not susceptible to patent
  616. 616. Commencement of patent
  617. 617. Scope of patent
  618. 618. Expropriation of patent
  619. 619. Addition to inventions
  620. 620. Additional privilege
  621. 621. Patent for improvements
  622. 622. Concession of privilege for improvements
  623. 623. Preference amongst third parties as regards improvements
  624. 624. Rights of third party applying for patents for improvements
  625. 625. Regulations of patents
  626. 626. Regulation of Patents
  627. 627. External form of transfer of privilege
  628. 628. Rights of cessionary
  629. 629. Information of the proceedings of patents
  630. 630. Publication of invention
  631. 631. Lapse of patent
  632. 632. Nullity of patent
  633. 633. Loss of patent
  634. 634. Locus standi in suits for annulment of patent
  635. 635. Limitation for filing suit
  636. 636. Liability of counterfeiters
  637. 637. Seizure of counterfeited objects
  638. 638. Disposal of seized objects
  639. 639. Criminal prosecution
  640. 640. Jurisdiction of criminal court
  641. 641. Definition of contract
  642. 642. Unilateral and bilateral contract
  643. 643. Requisites of contract
  644. 644. Who can enter into contract
  645. 645. Formal representation
  646. 646. Efficacy of ratification
  647. 647. Expression of will
  648. 648. Modes of expression
  649. 649. Time of formation of contract
  650. 650. Contract amongst persons present
  651. 651. Contract amongst absent persons
  652. 652. Presumed refusal of proposal
  653. 653. Maintenance of proposal
  654. 654. Counter proposal
  655. 655. Liability of the heirs of the proposers
  656. 656. Consent given by mistake or coercion
  657. 657. Kinds of relevant errors
  658. 658. Error as to cause
  659. 659. Error of law as regards cause
  660. 660. Error of fact as to cause
  661. 661. Error as to object of contract
  662. 662. Mistake as to the other party
  663. 663. Error arising from fraud or bad faith
  664. 664. Error of common and general nature
  665. 665. Error of calculation or writing
  666. 666. Coercion
  667. 667. Considerations which are not relevant in ascertaining fraud or coercion
  668. 668. Relinquishment of right of annulment arising from fraud or coercion
  669. 669. Requirements of object of contract
  670. 670. Physical impossibility
  671. 671. Legal impossibility
  672. 672. Freedom to contract
  673. 673. Penal clause
  674. 674. Relevance of penal clause
  675. 675. Reduction of agreed penalty
  676. 676. Tacit stipulations as to performance
  677. 677. Cases in which the penalty does not apply
  678. 678. Condition precedent
  679. 679. Fulfillment of condition precedent
  680. 680. Condition subsequent
  681. 681. Termination due to fraud
  682. 682. Protection of rights in conditional contracts
  683. 683. Impossibility of performance
  684. 684. Interpretation of contracts
  685. 685. Doubts as to secondary clauses of the contracts
  686. 686. External form of contracts
  687. 687. Annulment on account of legal incapacity
  688. 688. Limitation of suit for annulment
  689. 689. Annulment by reason of mistake
  690. 690. Coercion
  691. 691. Rescission for object being outside commerce
  692. 692. Contract for criminal or unlawful purposes
  693. 693. Nullity as means of defence
  694. 694. Locus standi in suit for annulment
  695. 695. Who can avail of nullity
  696. 696. Ratification of void contract
  697. 697. Effects of annulment
  698. 698. Recovery of part payment made to legally disabled party
  699. 699. Irregularity in representation of disabled party
  700. 700. Annulment not extensible to capable parties
  701. 701. Lack of consent of one of the spouses
  702. 702. General principles as to performance
  703. 703. Assignment of contract
  704. 704. Contract to be performed alongwith consequences
  705. 705. Legitimate clauses for non-performance
  706. 706. Compensation for losses and damages
  707. 707. Quantum of compensation
  708. 708. Stipulation of civil liability
  709. 709. Rescission of bilateral contract
  710. 710. Mode of performance
  711. 711. Failure to perform agreed act
  712. 712. Option to obtain performance through another
  713. 713. Negative stipulation
  714. 714. Mode of delivery of things
  715. 715. Alienation of specified things
  716. 716. Alienation of generic things
  717. 717. Liability for loss or damages
  718. 718. Successive alienation
  719. 719. Liability for the subject matter
  720. 720. Losses and damages in financial obligations
  721. 721. Bar on part performance
  722. 722. Installment made up of ascertained and unascertained parts
  723. 723. Stipulation of financial obligations
  724. 724. Payment in cash
  725. 725. Where the stipulated currency has ceased to exist
  726. 726. Supplementary nature of preceding provisions
  727. 727. Nominal nature of cash transactions
  728. 728. Choice of debts by debtor
  729. 729. Appropriation of payments
  730. 730. Payment on account of debt with interest
  731. 731. Joint debtors
  732. 732. Default in delivery of things
  733. 733. Performance in the alternative
  734. 734. Loss of one of the objects
  735. 735. Loss of both the objects by default of the debtor
  736. 736. Loss of both the objects due to no fault of the debtor
  737. 737. Loss of one of the things due to fault of the creditor
  738. 738. Performance in the alternative
  739. 739. Place and time of performance
  740. 740. Benefit of stipulation of time
  741. 741. Anticipated demand
  742. 742. Default in payment of debt in installments
  743. 743. Demand where time is not stipulated
  744. 744. Place of performance
  745. 745. Mode of delivery of immovables
  746. 746. Expenses of delivery
  747. 747. Who should perform
  748. 748. To whom should payment be made
  749. 749. Payment to third party
  750. 750. Joint creditors
  751. 751. Rights and liabilities of joint creditor
  752. 752. Joint debtors
  753. 753. Insolvency of joint debtor
  754. 754. Right of recovery of the joint debtor
  755. 755. Loss of things attributable to joint debtor
  756. 756. Defences available to joint debtor
  757. 757. Liability of heirs
  758. 758. Payment of debt not due
  759. 759. Deposit in court
  760. 760. Doubt as to liability
  761. 761. Efficacy of deposit
  762. 762. Withdrawal of unclaimed deposit
  763. 763. Operation of judgement
  764. 764. Expenses for the deposit
  765. 765. Set-off
  766. 766. Partial set-off
  767. 767. Where set-off is not permissible
  768. 768. Effect of set-off
  769. 769. Payment of debt susceptible to set-off
  770. 770. Plurality of debts susceptible to set-off
  771. 771. Waiver of right to set-off
  772. 772. Debts which cannot be set-off
  773. 773. Presumed relinquishment of rights to set-off
  774. 774. Claim of set-off against assignee of a debt
  775. 775. Saving of the rights of third parties
  776. 776. Debts payable at different places
  777. 777. Set-off in case of assignment without notice
  778. 778. Payment by third party on behalf of the debtor with his consent
  779. 779. Payment by third party without consent of the debtor
  780. 780. Subrogation in favour of the lender or usurer
  781. 781. Rights of the subrogee
  782. 782. Preference to the original creditor over the subrogee
  783. 783. Cases in which partial subrogation cannot take effect
  784. 784. Order of payments to subrogees
  785. 785. Cession - Assignment
  786. 786. Assignment by onerous title of litigious obligation
  787. 787. Efficacy of decree over litigious credit
  788. 788. Litigious right
  789. 789. Mode of assignment
  790. 790. Preference amongst assignees
  791. 791. Consequences of notice between the assignors and the debtor
  792. 792. Operation of the notice as against third parties
  793. 793. Effects of assignments
  794. 794. Liability of assignor
  795. 795. Time limit for the liability of the assignor
  796. 796. Merger of rights and obligations
  797. 797. Effect of merger on guarantor
  798. 798. Effect of merger on the guarantor and the creditor
  799. 799. Merger of joint liabilities
  800. 800. Impermissibility of merger of debt where inheritance is accepted under benefit of inventory
  801. 801. Extinguishment of merger
  802. 802. Novation
  803. 803. Novation not to be presumed
  804. 804. Novation by substitution of the debtor
  805. 805. Discharge of debtor
  806. 806. Cases where novation does not arise
  807. 807. Effects of novation
  808. 808. Benefits of novation of joint debt
  809. 809. Novation of joint debt
  810. 810. Novation of extinguished debt
  811. 811. Novation of conditional debt
  812. 812. Novation of void debt
  813. 813. Nullity of novation
  814. 814. Defences available to the substituted debtor
  815. 815. Discharge and renunciation
  816. 816. Result of discharge in relation to the guarantor
  817. 817. Discharge to a joint guarantor
  818. 818. Definition of guarantee
  819. 819. Who can guarantee
  820. 820. Capacity of married women to be a guarantor
  821. 821. Stipulation of guarantee
  822. 822. Accessory character of guarantee
  823. 823. Extension of guarantee
  824. 824. Requirements of the guarantor
  825. 825. Replacement of guarantee
  826. 826. External form of guarantee
  827. 827. Security for the guarantor
  828. 828. Mode of furnishing security
  829. 829. Proof of security and regulations thereof
  830. 830. Secondary character of guarantee
  831. 831. Liability of debtor and guarantor to pay
  832. 832. Demand on the debtor
  833. 833. Right to recover properties through execution in case of decree jointly passed
  834. 834. Effect of compromise with creditor
  835. 835. Where there is more than one guarantor
  836. 836. Liability for insolvency of the other guarantors
  837. 837. Right to recover assets through execution in security contract
  838. 838. Guarantor’s right to recover
  839. 839. Subrogation of guarantor in the rights of the creditor
  840. 840. Guarantor’s right of recovery against joint debtors
  841. 841. Defences available in suit for recovery by guarantor
  842. 842. Absence of notice of payment to debtor
  843. 843. Payment by guarantor before due date
  844. 844. Discharge of guarantor
  845. 845. Guarantor’s recourse against co-guarantor
  846. 846. Defences permissible to the co-sureties (co-guarantors)
  847. 847. Liability of one who secures the guarantor
  848. 848. Extinguishment of guarantee
  849. 849. Survival of the security
  850. 850. Gift for consideration
  851. 851. Effect of discharge of one of the guarantors
  852. 852. Moratorium given to debtor without consent of the guarantor
  853. 853. Impossibility of complete subrogation of guarantor attributable to the creditor
  854. 854. Defences permissible to the guarantor against the creditor
  855. 855. Definition of pledge
  856. 856. Purpose of pledge
  857. 857. Pledge of private credit documents
  858. 858. Conditions for efficacy of pledge
  859. 859. Who can pledge
  860. 860. Rights of Pawnee
  861. 861. Liabilities of Pawnee
  862. 862. Rights of debtor in relation to the pledged object
  863. 863. Judicial sale of pledged object
  864. 864. Extra judicial sale or adjudication of the pledged object by mutual consent
  865. 865. Release of the pledged object
  866. 866. Sale for a price different from the guaranteed debt
  867. 867. Adjustment of expenses against the proceeds of the thing pledged
  868. 868. Stipulation of the setting-off of different interests
  869. 869. Eviction of the pledged object upon sale
  870. 870. Continuance of pledge
  871. 871. Presumed remission of pledge
  872. 872. Effects of remission of pledge
  873. 873. Consignment of incomes
  874. 874. Modalities of assignment
  875. 875. External form of assignment
  876. 876. Duration of assignment of incomes
  877. 877. Duration of assignment
  878. 878. Meaning of privilege in credit
  879. 879. Types of privileges
  880. 880. Privileges on fruits of land
  881. 881. Privileges on rent of buildings
  882. 882. Third category of special mobiliary privileges
  883. 883. Fourth category of special mobiliary privileges
  884. 884. General mobiliary privileges
  885. 885. Privileges of the Public Exchequer
  886. 886. Rights of Pawnee
  887. 887. Immobile privileges
  888. 888. Meaning of mortgages
  889. 889. Object of mortgage
  890. 890. Immobile assets capable of being mortgaged
  891. 891. Accessories to mortgage
  892. 892. Effects of mortgage
  893. 893. Indivisibility of mortgage
  894. 894. Capacity to mortgage
  895. 895. Who may mortgage
  896. 896. Mortgage with condition precedent or condition subsequent
  897. 897. Preference to creditors of inheritance
  898. 898. Mortgage of possessory rights
  899. 899. Duration of mortgage of possessory rights
  900. 900. Mortgage relating to credit with interest
  901. 901. Additional security for mortgage
  902. 902. Destruction of mortgaged property
  903. 903. Right of the mortgagor
  904. 904. Types of mortgages
  905. 905. Meaning of statutory mortgages
  906. 906. Credits secured by statutory mortgages
  907. 907. Mortgages to secure privileged credits
  908. 908. Statutory mortgages which cannot be renounced
  909. 909. Assets covered by statutory mortgages
  910. 910. Sources of voluntary mortgages
  911. 911. Assets which can be subject to voluntary mortgages
  912. 912. External form
  913. 913. Duration and conditions of mortgages
  914. 914. Successive mortgages over the same property
  915. 915. Mortgages over common assets
  916. 916. Mode of effecting certain statutory mortgages
  917. 917. Assets covered by mortgage effected under Art. 916(1)
  918. 918. Statutory mortgage in favour of legally disabled
  919. 919. Mode of constituting statutory mortgage in favour of legally disabled and absentees
  920. 920. Judicial indication of assets to be mortgaged
  921. 921. Powers of family council
  922. 922. Registration of mortgage
  923. 923. Appeals against deliberation of councils
  924. 924. Partial cancellation of mortgage registration
  925. 925. Statutory mortgage, in favour of married woman
  926. 926. Extent of mortgage and additional security for the same
  927. 927. Reduction of mortgage
  928. 928. Nullity of renunciation of right to register
  929. 929. Measures to secure the dowry of minors
  930. 930. Conversion of provisional registration of mortgage into final registration
  931. 931. Statutory mortgage in favour of surviving spouse
  932. 932. Statutory mortgage for the guarantee of maintenance liabilities
  933. 933. Mortgage in favour of property credit establishments
  934. 934. Statutory mortgage for guarantee of payment of owelty money
  935. 935. Statutory mortgage in favour of legatees
  936. 936. Making and registration of voluntary mortgage
  937. 937. Valuation of assets to be mortgaged
  938. 938. Redemption of mortgages
  939. 939. Notification of registered mortgage creditors
  940. 940. Redemption of mortgage guarantees installments
  941. 941. Auction sought by third parties
  942. 942. Auction insufficient for covering the guaranteed credit
  943. 943. Waiver of auction by the applicant
  944. 944. Right of mortgage creditors who do not appear
  945. 945. Preservation of rights of absentee creditors not fully paid
  946. 946. Complete cancellation of encumbrance of mortgage property
  947. 947. Compulsory nature of the notice to creditors
  948. 948. Rights of mortgage creditors left out
  949. 949. Acts subject to registration
  950. 950. Territorial Jurisdiction of Land Registration Office for effecting registrations
  951. 951. Consequences of absence of registration
  952. 952. Effectiveness of possession apart from registration
  953. 953. Juridical or Civil Possession
  954. 954. Judicial delivery and possession of immobile assets
  955. 955. Transfer of unspecified assets, when found specified later
  956. 956. Order of Priority of Inscriptions in Land Registration Office
  957. 957. Books to be maintained in the Registration Office
  958. 958. Mode of making registration entries
  959. 959. Extract of Property Description
  960. 960. Extract of Inscriptions
  961. 961. Responsibilities of the Land Registrar
  962. 962. Responsibility of the Land Registrar for omissions in the registration extract
  963. 963. Certificate of Registration
  964. 964. Efficacy of registration of mortgages effected in a foreign country
  965. 965. Duration of the effectiveness of registration
  966. 966. Provisional Registration
  967. 967. Transactions subject to provisional registration
  968. 968. Discretionary nature of provisional registration
  969. 969. Form of provisional registration
  970. 970. Conversion of provisional registration into final registration
  971. 971. Provisional registration of dowries
  972. 972. How provisional registration has to be done
  973. 973. Order of priority of provisional registration converted into final
  974. 974. Lapse of provisional registration
  975. 975. Renewal of provisional registration of suits
  976. 976. Provisional registration of certain mortgages
  977. 977. Renewal of provisional registration of dowries
  978. 978. Documents admissible for final registration
  979. 979. Registration of mortgages made in foreign countries
  980. 980. Pre-conditions for Registration
  981. 981. Refusal of final registration
  982. 982. Liability of the Land Registrar for refusal
  983. 983. Duplicate of the document to be registered
  984. 984. Fake Registration
  985. 985. Publicity of registration and responsibility of the Land Registrars
  986. 986. Responsibility of the Land Registrars
  987. 987. Special regulation for property registration
  988. 988. Cancellation of registration
  989. 989. Meaning of cancellation
  990. 990. Voluntary cancellation of provisional registration
  991. 991. Statutory cancellation of provisional Land Registration
  992. 992. Voluntary cancellation of final registration
  993. 993. Cancellation of mortgage concerning legally disabled person
  994. 994. Cancellation requested on the basis of prescription
  995. 995. Cancellation of defective registration
  996. 996. Court having jurisdiction for a suit under Article 995
  997. 997. Cancellation of defective inscriptions made in various Land Registration offices
  998. 998. Requirements for valid cancellation
  999. 999. Void Cancellation
  1000. 1000. Registration of prior mortgages
  1001. 1001. Assets covered by registration
  1002. 1002. Right to apply for certain statutory mortgages
  1003. 1003. Right to apply for registration of mortgages to the benefit of married woman
  1004. 1004. Provisions applicable to registrations referred to in preceding provisions
  1005. 1005. Preferential rights amongst competing creditors
  1006. 1006. Comparative efficacy of privileged credits and mortgages
  1007. 1007. Competing claim between general and special privileged credits over mobiliary assets
  1008. 1008. Preference to mobiliary privilege of credits of the State Exchequer
  1009. 1009. Concurrence amongst special mobiliary privileges
  1010. 1010. Priority amongst special privileges under the same number
  1011. 1011. First preference in privileged credits
  1012. 1012. Preference over immobile assets
  1013. 1013. Concurrence amongst immobile privileges
  1014. 1014. Priority amongst credits mentioned in Art. 887(2)
  1015. 1015. When there is concurrence amongst mortgages
  1016. 1016. Insufficiency of the product of mortgage
  1017. 1017. Ranking amongst mortgages
  1018. 1018. Value of unregistered mortgages
  1019. 1019. Grading of past mortgages
  1020. 1020. Grading amongst past mortgages registered beyond time
  1021. 1021. Privileges which subsist after alienation of property
  1022. 1022. Real encumbrances which subsist after alienation of property
  1023. 1023. Real encumbrances registered after mortgage or transfer
  1024. 1024. Right to sue in respect of encumbrances over acquired properties
  1025. 1025. Ranking of credits recorded in documents liable to be registered
  1026. 1026. Extinguishment of privileges
  1027. 1027. Extinguishment of mortgages
  1028. 1028. Endorsements to extinguishment of mortgages
  1029. 1029. Revival of mortgages
  1030. 1030. Rescission of acts practiced to the prejudice of third parties
  1031. 1031. Simulation
  1032. 1032. Effect of annulment of simulated act
  1033. 1033. Requisites of suit for revocation of debtors injurious act
  1034. 1034. Rescission of onerous acts
  1035. 1035. Rescission of gratuitous acts
  1036. 1036. Insolvency and bad faith
  1037. 1037. Rights upon re-transfer
  1038. 1038. Rescission on renouncement
  1039. 1039. Rescission of payment in advance
  1040. 1040. Cession of the suit for rescission
  1041. 1041. Right of third party transferee to end suit for rescission
  1042. 1042. Preference unduly obtained by one creditor
  1043. 1043. Proof of insolvency of debtor
  1044. 1044. Cessation of suit for revocation
  1045. 1045. Limitation of suit for revocation
  1046. 1046. Eviction
  1047. 1047. Liability of the alienor
  1048. 1048. Liability of alienor in bad faith
  1049. 1049. Partial eviction
  1050. 1050. Eviction from amongst various transferred things
  1051. 1051. Cases in which the transferor is not responsible for the eviction
  1052. 1052. Cases in which the liability of the transferor subsists
  1053. 1053. Resistance by the purchaser at his sole responsibility
  1054. 1054. Refusal of right of eviction to the transferor himself
  1055. 1055. Predominance, within limits, of contractual rights in the matter of eviction
  1056. 1056. Concept of marriage as a civil contract and its purpose
  1057. 1057. Secular nature of marriage
  1058. 1058. Impediments to marriage
  1059. 1059. Violation of impediments
  1060. 1060. Lack of permission for marriage of legally incapable
  1061. 1061. Grant of permission for marriage of minor
  1062. 1062. No appeal against grant or refusal of permission
  1063. 1063. Impediment relating to guardianship
  1064. 1064. Sanctions against default for other impediments
  1065. 1065. Marriage of Portuguese in foreign country
  1066. 1066. Marriage abroad when one of the spouses is Portuguese
  1067. 1067. Agreement to marry
  1068. 1068. Marriage through Power of Attorney
  1069. 1069. Validity of Catholic marriage
  1070. 1070. Regulation of Catholic marriage
  1071. 1071. Responsibility of the celebrating priest
  1072. 1072. Efficacy of civil marriage
  1073. 1073. Impediments to civil marriage
  1074. 1074. Relevance of impediments to marriage
  1075. 1075. Declaration to be presented to the Civil Registrar
  1076. 1076. Public notices
  1077. 1077. Steps after public notices
  1078. 1078. Adjudication as to impediments recorded
  1079. 1079. Declaration of the impediments
  1080. 1080. False declaration of impediment
  1081. 1081. Solemn celebration of marriage
  1082. 1082. Illegal celebration - Responsibility of the employee
  1083. 1083. Proof of marriage
  1084. 1084. Value of possession of the married status
  1085. 1085. Proof of marriage celebrated abroad
  1086. 1086. Annulment of Catholic marriage
  1087. 1087. Limits of jurisdiction of Ecclesiastical Courts
  1088. 1088. Execution of Decrees
  1089. 1089. Annulment of Civil Marriage
  1090. 1090. Irrelevance of the religion of the newly married
  1091. 1091. Putative marriage
  1092. 1092. Good faith of only one of the spouses
  1093. 1093. Fate of the children
  1094. 1094. Parental power in relation to daughters
  1095. 1095. Effect of Annulment on the assets of the spouses
  1096. 1096. Ante-nuptial conventions principle of freedom
  1097. 1097. External form of convention
  1098. 1098. Presumed regime of assets
  1099. 1099. Contract of communion of assets between spouses
  1100. 1100. Contract of communion of acquired assets
  1101. 1101. Contract of separation of assets
  1102. 1102. Contract of dowry regime
  1103. 1103. Void terms of Contract
  1104. 1104. Reservation of maintenance
  1105. 1105. Prohibition of change of Matrimonial regime
  1106. 1106. Contract made between Portuguese abroad
  1107. 1107. Presumed regime of assets for marriage celebrated abroad
  1108. 1108. Concept of communion of Matrimonial estate
  1109. 1109. Own Assets
  1110. 1110. Debts prior to marriage
  1111. 1111. Meaning of debts prior to marriage
  1112. 1112. Assets chargeable for debts prior to marriage
  1113. 1113. Debts subsequent to marriage which may be included in the communion of the marital estate
  1114. 1114. Debts contracted by husband without intervention of the wife
  1115. 1115. Other subsequent debts which are not communicable
  1116. 1116. Capacity of wife to contract debts
  1117. 1117. Ownership, possession and administration of the assets of the matrimonial estate
  1118. 1118. Alienation of mobiliary assets of the matrimonial estate
  1119. 1119. Alienation of the immobile assets of the matrimonial estate
  1120. 1120. Capacity of the husband to accept or renounce inheritances
  1121. 1121. End of the communion of Matrimonial estate
  1122. 1122. Administration of the estate in case of the demise of one of the spouses
  1123. 1123. Partition of the assets of the estate
  1124. 1124. Payment of the credits of each of the spouses
  1125. 1125. Marriage with simple separation of assets
  1126. 1126. Provision applicable to simple separation
  1127. 1127. Complete separation
  1128. 1128. Separate assets of the wife
  1129. 1129. Regulation of the debts of the spouses
  1130. 1130. System of communion of acquired assets
  1131. 1131. Inventory of individual assets
  1132. 1132. End of the communion of acquired assets
  1133. 1133. Debts prior to marriage
  1134. 1134. Dowry system
  1135. 1135. Who can endow
  1136. 1136. Content of dowry
  1137. 1137. Specification of dowry assets
  1138. 1138. Statement of value of movables in the dowry
  1139. 1139. Security for the dowry
  1140. 1140. Conversion into money
  1141. 1141. Un-changeability of dowry
  1142. 1142. Liability of the parents or the grandparents of the wife for the dowry
  1143. 1143. Liability of other endowers for recovery of the dowry
  1144. 1144. Effective date of dowry
  1145. 1145. Presumption of delivery of dowry
  1146. 1146. Liability of parents giving dowry
  1147. 1147. Dowry on account of legitime
  1148. 1148. Powers of husband over endowed mobiliary assets
  1149. 1149. Inalienability of endowed immobile assets
  1150. 1150. Illegal alienation of endowed immobile assets
  1151. 1151. Liability of husband for illegal alienation or illegal charge
  1152. 1152. Absence of prescription in respect of endowed immobile assets
  1153. 1153. Paraphernal assets
  1154. 1154. System of paraphernal assets
  1155. 1155. Regime of husband’s own assets
  1156. 1156. End of dowry system
  1157. 1157. Loss of dowry for causes not attributable to the husband or his heirs
  1158. 1158. Bar on restitutions of endowed mobiliary assets
  1159. 1159. Interest on delayed dues
  1160. 1160. Restitution of certain endowed immobile assets
  1161. 1161. Liability of husband for active debts
  1162. 1162. Income due from assets of the dowry
  1163. 1163. Improvement made by husband or his heirs
  1164. 1164. Ordinary expenses of dowry assets
  1165. 1165. Restitution of paraphernal assets
  1166. 1166. Gifts amongst spouses
  1167. 1167. Limits of gifts or disposition
  1168. 1168. Lapse of gifts amongst spouses
  1169. 1169. Special regime for ante-nuptial gifts
  1170. 1170. Gift of existing and specific assets
  1171. 1171. Gift of part or full inheritance
  1172. 1172. Prior demise of the donee
  1173. 1173. Legal capacity of betrothed minors
  1174. 1174. Applicability of general rules relating to gifts
  1175. 1175. Gifts to spouses from third parties
  1176. 1176. Acceptance by the donee
  1177. 1177. Prior demise of donee
  1178. 1178. Gifts amongst spouses
  1179. 1179. Regulation of gift amongst spouses
  1180. 1180. Prohibition of joint gifts
  1181. 1181. Revocation of gifts amongst spouses
  1182. 1182. Supervenience of children. Inofficiousness
  1183. 1183. Nature acquired by gifted assets
  1184. 1184. Ordinary duties of spouses
  1185. 1185. Duties proper to each of the spouses
  1186. 1186. Absence of husband abroad
  1187. 1187. Publication of her writings by married woman
  1188. 1188. Right to enjoy the privileges of the husband
  1189. 1189. Administration of the assets of the marital estate
  1190. 1190. Powers of the woman administratrix
  1191. 1191. Powers of the husband over immobile assets
  1192. 1192. Judicial capacity of wife
  1193. 1193. Incapacity of married woman in property matters
  1194. 1194. Form of marital authorisation
  1195. 1195. Mode of prescribing authorisation
  1196. 1196. Authorisation by authentic or authenticated document
  1197. 1197. Revocation of authorisation
  1198. 1198. Effects of authorisation
  1199. 1199. Effects of judicial authorisation
  1200. 1200. Who can claim nullity of acts practiced by wife
  1201. 1201. Ratification of nullity
  1202. 1202. Sanction against marriages not transcribed in Portugal
  1203. 1203. Mode of interruption against conjugal society
  1204. 1204. Grounds of separation of persons and assets
  1205. 1205. Who can apply for separation
  1206. 1206. Summoning and constitution of family council
  1207. 1207. Powers of the family council
  1208. 1208. Binding force of decisions of family council
  1209. 1209. Punishability of adultery by spouses
  1210. 1210. Effect of separation of persons
  1211. 1211. Effects of separation of assets
  1212. 1212. Paternal power after separation of spouses
  1213. 1213. Sanctions against guilty spouses
  1214. 1214. Saving of rights of creditors of the marital estate
  1215. 1215. Effect of separation as to movables
  1216. 1216. Effect of separation as to immobile assets
  1217. 1217. Bar of exercise of rights depending on execution of marriage
  1218. 1218. Reconciliation of spouses
  1219. 1219. Judicial separation of assets
  1220. 1220. Effect of separation of regime of general community of assets
  1221. 1221. Separation in remaining regime
  1222. 1222. Effective date of separation in regime of separation of assets
  1223. 1223. Effects of separation
  1224. 1224. Nature of assets of the separation
  1225. 1225. Publicity of separation
  1226. 1226. Duty to contribute to the expenses of the matrimonial estate
  1227. 1227. Judicial character of separation
  1228. 1228. Right of objection to creditors of the spouses
  1229. 1229. Reconciliation of the spouses
  1230. 1230. Right of the wife to object to third person
  1231. 1231. Subsistence of widowed spouse
  1232. 1232. Duration and fixation of maintenance
  1233. 1233. Re-marriage
  1234. 1234. Marriage in violation of art. 1233
  1235. 1235. Incommunicability of certain assets of the re-married person
  1236. 1236. Succession of children of previous marriage
  1237. 1237. Incapacity of re-married woman of more than 50 years
  1238. 1238. Presumption of marital regime in second marriage
  1239. 1239. Provisions applicable to second marriage
  1240. 1240. Society
  1241. 1241. External form of society contract
  1242. 1242. Nullity of leonine society
  1243. 1243. Universal society
  1244. 1244. External form of universal society
  1245. 1245. Nature of assets acquired by shareholders
  1246. 1246. Liability of strictly Universal society for debts of the members
  1247. 1247. Liability of society of acquired assets for the debts of the shareholders
  1248. 1248. Dissolution of Universal society
  1249. 1249. Society in specified assets
  1250. 1250. External form
  1251. 1251. Liability of shareholders towards society
  1252. 1252. Eviction of assets brought in by a shareholder
  1253. 1253. Delay in paying amount due by a shareholder
  1254. 1254. Diversion of common funds for own benefit
  1255. 1255. Answerability for profits of the society
  1256. 1256. Payment made to a shareholder and to society without indication
  1257. 1257. Payment to individual shareholder to be rateably distributed among shareholders
  1258. 1258. Liability for damages
  1259. 1259. Risk of damage to non perishable things
  1260. 1260. Liability for damage to perishable things
  1261. 1261. Liability of the society to individual shareholder
  1262. 1262. Share of profits and losses
  1263. 1263. Shareholders without defined share
  1264. 1264. Rights of shareholders who comes in with capital and labour
  1265. 1265. Partition deferred to a third party
  1266. 1266. Powers of the administration
  1267. 1267. Revocation of the powers conferred after constitution of the society
  1268. 1268. Where several shareholders are administrators
  1269. 1269. Stipulation of joint action by administrators
  1270. 1270. Supplementary rules of administration
  1271. 1271. Shareholder’s freedom of association
  1272. 1272. Liability of shareholders for debts of the society
  1273. 1273. Rights of creditors of a shareholder
  1274. 1274. Competing claims of creditors of society and of individual shareholder
  1275. 1275. Commencement of society
  1276. 1276. Determination of society
  1277. 1277. Survival of society in respect of some of the shareholders
  1278. 1278. Dissolution of society due to retirement of some of the shareholders
  1279. 1279. Retirement of shareholder in society for fixed duration
  1280. 1280. Rules applicable to partition of society assets
  1281. 1281. Family Society
  1282. 1282. Mode of formation of family society
  1283. 1283. Prevalence of contractual terms
  1284. 1284. Purpose of family society
  1285. 1285. Duties of family society
  1286. 1286. Nature of movables acquired by shareholders
  1287. 1287. Immovables acquired by shareholders
  1288. 1288. Risk of deterioration of assets of shareholders
  1289. 1289. Mode of division of society assets
  1290. 1290. Partition of undivided immovables
  1291. 1291. Partition of fruits and produce of immovables
  1292. 1292. Non- shareholder covered in partition
  1293. 1293. Other non-shareholders covered in partition
  1294. 1294. Benefit to the owner of cattle used in the cultivation of immovables
  1295. 1295. Partition of acquired assets
  1296. 1296. Profits in cultivation of immovables of others
  1297. 1297. Simultaneous cultivation of own assets with those of another
  1298. 1298. Types of rural partnership
  1299. 1299. Agricultural partnership
  1300. 1300. Death of a partner
  1301. 1301. Precautionary measures to the benefit of the owner partner
  1302. 1302. Duty to cultivate property
  1303. 1303. Rules applicable to agricultural partnership
  1304. 1304. Partnership in breeding livestock
  1305. 1305. Regulation of partnership
  1306. 1306. Duties of the partner who treats the animals
  1307. 1307. Duties of partner who owns
  1308. 1308. Risk in case of death of animal
  1309. 1309. Advantage taken from animals who die
  1310. 1310. Void stipulation regarding certain losses
  1311. 1311. Disposal of cattle heads
  1312. 1312. Shearing of cattle with wool
  1313. 1313. Duration of partnership
  1314. 1314. Termination of contract
  1315. 1315. Rights of creditors of the owner
  1316. 1316. Rights of the creditors of the partner who treats the animals
  1317. 1317. Right of follow up of the owner
  1318. 1318. Meaning of Mandate or Attorneyship
  1319. 1319. Meaning and kinds of power of attorney
  1320. 1320. Registered Power of Attorney
  1321. 1321. Unregistered Power of Attorney
  1322. 1322. Meaning of power of attorney deemed to be registered
  1323. 1323. Types of Power of Attorney
  1324. 1324. Meaning of general and special Power of Attorney
  1325. 1325. Scope of general Power of Attorney
  1326. 1326. Proof of mandate
  1327. 1327. Acts which require registered Power of Attorney
  1328. 1328. Acts for which unregistered Power of Attorney is sufficient
  1329. 1329. Acts for which verbal mandate is sufficient
  1330. 1330. Mandate given to absentees
  1331. 1331. Presumption of gratuitous nature of mandate
  1332. 1332. Powers under mandate
  1333. 1333. Lawfulness of powers
  1334. 1334. Capacity to accept Power of Attorney
  1335. 1335. Terms and time limit for the fulfillment of mandate
  1336. 1336. Duties and responsibilities of attorney
  1337. 1337. Exclusion of setting-off of profits with losses
  1338. 1338. Liability for exceeding powers
  1339. 1339. Rendering of accounts
  1340. 1340. Money diverted by attorney
  1341. 1341. Responsibility of joint holders
  1342. 1342. Sub delegation of Power of Attorney
  1343. 1343. Position of substituted attorney
  1344. 1344. Duty to indemnify the attorney
  1345. 1345. Liabilities on the principal
  1346. 1346. Terms on which the principal is bound
  1347. 1347. Remuneration of attorney
  1348. 1348. Plurality of principals
  1349. 1349. Right of the attorney to retain
  1350. 1350. Position of principal and attorney in relation to third parties
  1351. 1351. Exceeding of powers granted by the Power of Attorney
  1352. 1352. Position of third party in respect of the attorney who exceeds his powers
  1353. 1353. Acts presumed as unauthorized
  1354. 1354. Capacity to exercise judicial mandate
  1355. 1355. External form of judicial mandate
  1356. 1356. Plurality of judicial mandatories
  1357. 1357. Refusal of mandate
  1358. 1358. Bar on sharing results of litigation
  1359. 1359. Remuneration of attorneys and advocates
  1360. 1360. Effect of acceptance of mandates
  1361. 1361. Violation of professional secrecy
  1362. 1362. Duty to delegate
  1363. 1363. Causes of determination of mandate
  1364. 1364. Revocation of mandate
  1365. 1365. Tacit revocation
  1366. 1366. Death of the Principal
  1367. 1367. Death of the attorney
  1368. 1368. Relinquishment by attorney
  1369. 1369. Effects of extinguishment of mandate
  1370. 1370. Meaning of domestic service
  1371. 1371. Nullity of perpetual contract
  1372. 1372. Prevalence of contractual stipulation
  1373. 1373. Duration of contract
  1374. 1374. Wages of the employee
  1375. 1375. Purpose of contract
  1376. 1376. Contract for specified time
  1377. 1377. Abandonment of service for just cause
  1378. 1378. Dismissal for just cause
  1379. 1379. Abandonment of service without just cause
  1380. 1380. Effects of the contract in relation to the employer
  1381. 1381. Lawful reasons for dismissal
  1382. 1382. Unlawful dismissal
  1383. 1383. Duties of employee
  1384. 1384. Duties of the employer
  1385. 1385. Extinguishment of the contract by death of the parties
  1386. 1386. Legacy left to the employees
  1387. 1387. Suit for wages
  1388. 1388. Payment for damages caused by the employee
  1389. 1389. Service contract with minors
  1390. 1390. Minor employee without a representative
  1391. 1391. Meaning of salaried service
  1392. 1392. Duties of salaried employee
  1393. 1393. Wages of salaried employee
  1394. 1394. Abandonment or dismissal of the employee
  1395. 1395. Interruption of service due to unforeseen reasons
  1396. 1396. Meaning of works contract
  1397. 1397. Risk of work before delivery
  1398. 1398. Risk in case of labour contract
  1399. 1399. Guarantee in the construction of buildings
  1400. 1400. Time limit for conclusion of work
  1401. 1401. Bar on unwritten escalation clause
  1402. 1402. Abandonment of work commenced
  1403. 1403. Death or inability of the contractor
  1404. 1404. Death of the owner
  1405. 1405. Right of suppliers or salaried workers of the contractor
  1406. 1406. When the price should be paid
  1407. 1407. Right of contractor to retain
  1408. 1408. Lack of skill by the contractor
  1409. 1409. Honorarium to those who exercise liberal professions
  1410. 1410. Meaning of contract of carriage by land, boat or animals
  1411. 1411. Rules regulating the contract
  1412. 1412. Liability of transporters
  1413. 1413. Price due to the transporters
  1414. 1414. Right of retention of transporters
  1415. 1415. Duties of transporter
  1416. 1416. Duties of transporter by horse-hirer
  1417. 1417. Risk for the death or injury of animals
  1418. 1418. Fraudulent concealment of the defects in hired animals
  1419. 1419. Meaning of contract lodging and boarding
  1420. 1420. Liability of lodge keeper
  1421. 1421. Damages caused by employees or third persons
  1422. 1422. Damages not attributable to the lodge keeper
  1423. 1423. Compensation to the lodge keeper in case of dispute
  1424. 1424. Contract of Apprenticeship
  1425. 1425. Grounds for determination of contract
  1426. 1426. Causes for rescission of contract
  1427. 1427. Maximum work hours
  1428. 1428. Duration of contract
  1429. 1429. Abandonment by apprenticeship
  1430. 1430. Extinguishment of contract
  1431. 1431. Contract of deposit
  1432. 1432. Gratuitous nature of contract
  1433. 1433. Capacity to be depositor or receiver
  1434. 1434. External form
  1435. 1435. Duties of Depositary
  1436. 1436. Responsibility of depositary
  1437. 1437. Bar on use of deposited thing
  1438. 1438. Closed and sealed deposit
  1439. 1439. Opening of closed deposit
  1440. 1440. Presumption of guilt in the case of opening of closed deposit
  1441. 1441. To whom the deposit should be returned
  1442. 1442. Deposit of thing unlawfully taken
  1443. 1443. Plurality of depositors of indivisible thing
  1444. 1444. Deposit of indivisible thing
  1445. 1445. Return of deposit made in the name of legally disabled person
  1446. 1446. Return of deposit in the case of the depositor getting married or becoming disabled
  1447. 1447. Place of restitution
  1448. 1448. Mode of return of deposit
  1449. 1449. Anticipated return of deposit
  1450. 1450. Duties of the depositor
  1451. 1451. Interference or dispossession of deposit
  1452. 1452. Contract of gift
  1453. 1453. Nullity of gift of future assets
  1454. 1454. Types of gifts
  1455. 1455. Onerous gifts
  1456. 1456. Irrevocable Gifts
  1457. 1457. Gifts ‘Mortis Causa’
  1458. 1458. External form
  1459. 1459. External form of gifts of immobile assets
  1460. 1460. Universal donee
  1461. 1461. Gift of all movables and immovables
  1462. 1462. Presumed reservation in gifts by married persons
  1463. 1463. Presumed reservation in gifts of disposable quota
  1464. 1464. Disposal of Legal reserve
  1465. 1465. Time limit for acceptance
  1466. 1466. Acceptance subsequent to the gift
  1467. 1467. Right of accretion amongst several donees
  1468. 1468. Eviction of gifted thing
  1469. 1469. Gift with the liability to pay donor’s debts
  1470. 1470. Payment of donor’s debts in other cases
  1471. 1471. Gifts by husband without consent of wife
  1472. 1472. Abolition of formal confirmation of gift
  1473. 1473. Reversionary clause
  1474. 1474. Void reversionary clause
  1475. 1475. Lapse of liabilities
  1476. 1476. Persons who may make or receive gifts
  1477. 1477. Capacity to receive gifts
  1478. 1478. Effectiveness of pure gifts apart from acceptance by the legally incapacitated persons
  1479. 1479. Capacity of the unborn
  1480. 1480. Gift made by married man to his mistress
  1481. 1481. Simulated gifts in favour of incompetent persons
  1482. 1482. Revocation and reduction of gifts
  1483. 1483. Non-revocation of gifts by reason of subsequent birth of children
  1484. 1484. Effects of revocation
  1485. 1485. Income of gifted assets
  1486. 1486. Prohibition of relinquishment of right of revocation
  1487. 1487. Who may file a suit for revocation of gift
  1488. 1488. Revocation for ingratitude of the donee -
  1489. 1489. Provisions in respect of revocation for ingratitude
  1490. 1490. Prohibition on relinquishment and limitation in revocation for ingratitude
  1491. 1491. Proper parties in a suit for revocation
  1492. 1492. Revocation or reduction for inofficiousness
  1493. 1493. Order of reduction
  1494. 1494. Partial reduction of legacies
  1495. 1495. Order of reduction as to gifts
  1496. 1496. Gifts of the same date
  1497. 1497. Valuation of gift of mobiliary assets
  1498. 1498. Reduction of gifts on immobile assets
  1499. 1499. Indivisible immoveables
  1500. 1500. Indivisible immoveables gifted to one co-heir
  1501. 1501. Effects and cases of non-application of reduction
  1502. 1502. Liability of the donee in respect of gifted properties
  1503. 1503. Limitation in respect of suit for reduction
  1504. 1504. Liability of transferee of gifted moveables
  1505. 1505. To whom the fruits of the gifted things belong
  1506. 1506. Contract of loan
  1507. 1507. Types of loan
  1508. 1508. Loan as Hire and Loan for interest
  1509. 1509. Devolution of loan
  1510. 1510. Duty of borrower
  1511. 1511. Duration of loan
  1512. 1512. Duration of contract where use of object is not specified
  1513. 1513. Anticipated demand of the thing
  1514. 1514. Preservation of thing lent
  1515. 1515. Trespass or dispossession of thing lent
  1516. 1516. Perishing of the thing lent
  1517. 1517. Loss due to unforeseen event or force majeure
  1518. 1518. Effect of delay in the return of thing
  1519. 1519. Expenses with the preservation of the thing
  1520. 1520. Co-borrowers
  1521. 1521. Duties of lender
  1522. 1522. Limitation for certain suits arising from loan
  1523. 1523. Formation of contract
  1524. 1524. Duty of borrower (mutuary)
  1525. 1525. Contract between parties as regards time to return shall prevail
  1526. 1526. Time limit for return of cereals
  1527. 1527. Time limit for money loan
  1528. 1528. Time limit for any other loan
  1529. 1529. Place of return
  1530. 1530. Impossibility of return in kind
  1531. 1531. Loan in coin
  1532. 1532. Liability of lender
  1533. 1533. Consequences of delay
  1534. 1534. Proof contract of mutuum
  1535. 1535. Natural liability for loan to minor
  1536. 1536. Where the loan is fully valid
  1537. 1537. Definition of aleatory contract
  1538. 1538. Definition of contract of insurance
  1539. 1539. Contracts of game or betting
  1540. 1540. Contract of risk or insurance
  1541. 1541. Prohibition of gaming contract as a mode of income
  1542. 1542. Debts from gaming
  1543. 1543. Betting contract
  1544. 1544. Purchase and sale
  1545. 1545. Distinction between purchase and exchange
  1546. 1546. Uncertain price
  1547. 1547. Specification dependent on choice
  1548. 1548. Contract of promise of purchase and sale
  1549. 1549. Transfer of property in thing sold
  1550. 1550. Risk of thing sold
  1551. 1551. Sales after satisfaction
  1552. 1552. Expenses of sale and registration
  1553. 1553. Thing purchased and sold
  1554. 1554. Alienations depending on certain formalities
  1555. 1555. Sale of property of another
  1556. 1556. Prohibition of succession by contract
  1557. 1557. Sale of things or rights under litigation
  1558. 1558. Sale of non-existent thing
  1559. 1559. Capacity to sell
  1560. 1560. Capacity to buy
  1561. 1561. Legal incapacity of legal persons
  1562. 1562. Alienation of assets under administration or charge of third party
  1563. 1563. Alienation of litigious things
  1564. 1564. Sale between married persons
  1565. 1565. Sale to children or grand children
  1566. 1566. Right of preference of co-owners
  1567. 1567. Alienation by violation of preceding articles
  1568. 1568. Duties of vendors
  1569. 1569. Delivery of movables
  1570. 1570. Expenses of delivery
  1571. 1571. Delivery of immovables
  1572. 1572. Delay by the vendor
  1573. 1573. Delay by the purchaser
  1574. 1574. Unpaid seller need not deliver
  1575. 1575. Condition in which the thing is to be delivered
  1576. 1576. Sale by numbers, weight or measure
  1577. 1577. Effect of rescission of contract
  1578. 1578. Successive sale of same moveable to various person
  1579. 1579. Responsibility of vendor
  1580. 1580. Successive sale of same immoveable to various person
  1581. 1581. Guarantee and warranty against eviction
  1582. 1582. Defects fatal to contracts
  1583. 1583. Duties of purchaser
  1584. 1584. Interference in the right or possession of the purchaser
  1585. 1585. Irrevocability of sale after delivery of thing
  1586. 1586. Reversible sale
  1587. 1587. Prohibition of reversible sale
  1588. 1588. Reversible sale prior to the code
  1589. 1589. External form of purchase of mobiliary assets
  1590. 1590. External form of purchase of immobile assets
  1591. 1591. Effectiveness of purchase and sale in relation to third parties
  1592. 1592. Exchange
  1593. 1593. Eviction from one of the things exchanged
  1594. 1594. Provisions applicable to contract of exchange
  1595. 1595. Contract of letting
  1596. 1596. Kinds of letting
  1597. 1597. Legal capacity to let
  1598. 1598. Letting of undivided thing
  1599. 1599. Legal capacity to accept letting
  1600. 1600. Duration of letting contract
  1601. 1601. Letting of assets from dowry, usufruct or in fideicommissum
  1602. 1602. Letting of assets of minor and interdicted person
  1603. 1603. Compensation for letting
  1604. 1604. Letting of State assets
  1605. 1605. Sub-letting
  1606. 1606. Duties of landlord
  1607. 1607. Grounds for eviction
  1608. 1608. Duties of tenants
  1609. 1609. Encumbrances on the property
  1610. 1610. Delay by the landlord
  1611. 1611. Repairs
  1612. 1612. Deprivation of enjoyment of property on account of unforeseen event
  1613. 1613. Eviction from the property let
  1614. 1614. Right of retention for improvements
  1615. 1615. Improvements made on land
  1616. 1616. Unlawful retention of leased property
  1617. 1617. Rent in kind
  1618. 1618. Presumed renewal of contract
  1619. 1619. Death of contracting parties or transfer of the property
  1620. 1620. Acquisition of property for public purpose
  1621. 1621. Transfer of property on account of execution
  1622. 1622. Tenancy subject to registration
  1623. 1623. Duration of lease of buildings
  1624. 1624. Presumed renewal of contract
  1625. 1625. Fixation of notices
  1626. 1626. Notice of termination of lease
  1627. 1627. Cultivation of land under lease
  1628. 1628. Duration of lease of land
  1629. 1629. Notice for cessation of lease of land
  1630. 1630. Bar on unilateral change in rent
  1631. 1631. Scope of application of provisions relating to lease of land
  1632. 1632. Form of procedure for eviction
  1633. 1633. Object of hire
  1634. 1634. Provisions applicable to the contract of hire
  1635. 1635. Cessation of installments or of rents
  1636. 1636. Definition of contract of usury
  1637. 1637. Consumable which is not money
  1638. 1638. Certain and specific currency
  1639. 1639. Contract between parties to prevail
  1640. 1640. Legal interest
  1641. 1641. Rescission of contract of usury
  1642. 1642. Bar on compounding of interest
  1643. 1643. Proof of the contract
  1644. 1644. Definition of ‘censo consignativo’
  1645. 1645. Duration of the contract
  1646. 1646. External form of the contract
  1647. 1647. Compensation, transfer and division of rent contracts
  1648. 1648. Remission of rent
  1649. 1649. Non payment of interest
  1650. 1650. Remission of past contracts
  1651. 1651. Price of redemption
  1652. 1652. Non payment of interest
  1653. 1653. Meaning of Emphyteusis
  1654. 1654. Perpetuity of the emphyteusis – Remission of fee
  1655. 1655. External form of the contract
  1656. 1656. Quality and quantity of emphyteutic fee (“foro”)
  1657. 1657. Abolition of additional encumbrances
  1658. 1658. Fee to be compulsorily in money
  1659. 1659. Description of the Emphyteusis
  1660. 1660. Time and place of payment of “foro”
  1661. 1661. Supplementary rules as to time and place of payment of foro
  1662. 1662. Indivisibility of Emphyteusis
  1663. 1663. Right of Succession to the emphyteutic property
  1664. 1664. Assets which may be given on emphyteusis
  1665. 1665. Emphyteusis of assets of minor
  1666. 1666. Emphyteusis of dotal assets
  1667. 1667. Capacity of absolute owner
  1668. 1668. Emphyteusis of assets of spouses
  1669. 1669. Capacity to take on Emphyteusis
  1670. 1670. Requirement of registration
  1671. 1671. Failure to pay fee
  1672. 1672. Right of recovery of the property
  1673. 1673. Rights of the holder
  1674. 1674. Violation of the rights of the holder
  1675. 1675. Encumbrances and taxes over the emphyteusis
  1676. 1676. Right to mortgage and encumber the emphyteutic property
  1677. 1677. Right to gift or exchange the emphyteutic property
  1678. 1678. Right of preference in the alienation of the property
  1679. 1679. Denial of right of preference to legal person
  1680. 1680. Indivisibility of preference
  1681. 1681. Consequences of non notification of preference
  1682. 1682. Attachment of emphyteutic property
  1683. 1683. Failure of auction
  1684. 1684. Installment in arrears
  1685. 1685. Suit for recovery of emphyteutic fees
  1686. 1686. Prescription in relation to emphyteutic leases
  1687. 1687. Total destruction of the property
  1688. 1688. Right of Reduction
  1689. 1689. Emphyteusis of the past
  1690. 1690. Proof of emphyteusis of the past
  1691. 1691. Choice of species in which pension is to be paid
  1692. 1692. Scaling down of uncertain pension
  1693. 1693. Laudemium
  1694. 1694. Provisions applicable to post emphyteuses
  1695. 1695. Fees in arrears
  1696. 1696. Grants for life before the enactment of the Code
  1697. 1697. Grants for life time
  1698. 1698. Grants to appointee with reservation of usufruct
  1699. 1699. Revocable grants
  1700. 1700. Regulation of grant in article 1698
  1701. 1701. Abolition of sub emphyteusis
  1702. 1702. Regulation of past sub-emphyteuses
  1703. 1703. Right of preference in sub-emphyteuses
  1704. 1704. Notice of pre-emption
  1705. 1705. Laudemium in sub-emphyteusis
  1706. 1706. Census with reservation
  1707. 1707. Abolition of census with reservation
  1708. 1708. Rights of preference in past assignments
  1709. 1709. Doubts whether contract is of assignment or emphyteuses
  1710. 1710. Compromise
  1711. 1711. Types of compromise
  1712. 1712. External form of compromise out of court
  1713. 1713. External form of compromise in court
  1714. 1714. Judgement on compromise in court
  1715. 1715. Extension of the effects of compromise
  1716. 1716. Compromise made by only one of the interested parties
  1717. 1717. Exception in State cases
  1718. 1718. Effects of compromise
  1719. 1719. Cancellation of compromise
  1720. 1720. Discovery of new documents.
  1721. 1721. Compromise of general nature over diverse objects
  1722. 1722. Registration of transfer of immobile assets and rights
  1723. 1723. Management of business
  1724. 1724. Taking advantage of the benefits of the management
  1725. 1725. Non-ratification of management
  1726. 1726. Effects of ratification of the management
  1727. 1727. Disapproval of the management
  1728. 1728. Impossibility to return things in their original form
  1729. 1729. Non ratified management, the benefits of which do not exceed the losses
  1730. 1730. Acquiescence by the owner of business
  1731. 1731. Management against the will of the owner
  1732. 1732. Accounts of the management
  1733. 1733. Duty to conclude the management started
  1734. 1734. Management of business connected with that of the manager
  1735. 1735. Succession: testamentary and intestate
  1736. 1736. Concept of heir and of legatee
  1737. 1737. Content of inheritance
  1738. 1738. Simultaneous Death
  1739. 1739. Concept of Will
  1740. 1740. Personal nature of Will
  1741. 1741. Will as per instructions
  1742. 1742. Disposition in favour of relatives of the testator
  1743. 1743. Impossible conditions
  1744. 1744. Performance of condition obstructed by third party
  1745. 1745. False cause
  1746. 1746. Cause contrary to the law
  1747. 1747. Institution subject to term
  1748. 1748. Violence, deception and fraud
  1749. 1749. Disqualification of heir or legatee
  1750. 1750. Knowledge of coercion against one who intends to make a Will
  1751. 1751. Insufficient expression of the Will of the testator
  1752. 1752. Effects of the nullities declared by law
  1753. 1753. Prohibition of joint Wills
  1754. 1754. Revocability of the Will
  1755. 1755. Express and implied revocation
  1756. 1756. Tacit revocation
  1757. 1757. Subsistence of the effect of revocation of a Will which lapsed
  1758. 1758. Revival of the Will which is revoked
  1759. 1759. Lapsing of testamentary provisions
  1760. 1760. Lapsing of the institution of heir by supervenience of the children to the testator
  1761. 1761. Interpretation of Will
  1762. 1762. External form of the Wills prior to the Code
  1763. 1763. Legal capacity to make a Will
  1764. 1764. Incapacity to make the Will
  1765. 1765. Relevant time for determination of the capacity of the testator
  1766. 1766. Prohibition of disposition of the assets of spouses
  1767. 1767. Relative incapacity of a minor under guardianship
  1768. 1768. Incapacity of a minor in relation to his teachers
  1769. 1769. Relative incapacity of a patient
  1770. 1770. Exceptions to previous incapacities
  1771. 1771. Relative incapacity of the adulterous spouse
  1772. 1772. Incapacity in relation to the notary or to the witnesses to the instrument
  1773. 1773. Extent of relative incapacities
  1774. 1774. Prohibition of disposition of legitime
  1775. 1775. Limitation against disposition for suffrages
  1776. 1776. Passive testamentary capacity
  1777. 1777. Capacity of unborn children
  1778. 1778. Relevant time for determination of passive testamentary capacity
  1779. 1779. Testamentary incapacities
  1780. 1780. Consequence of the refusal to act or removal of the guardian or of the executor
  1781. 1781. Capacity of legal persons
  1782. 1782. Causes of unworthiness of the heir or of legatee
  1783. 1783. Dispositions through intermediary
  1784. 1784. Indisposable portion
  1785. 1785. Claim of legitimate and illegitimate descendants to the indisposable portion
  1786. 1786. Legitime portion of parents
  1787. 1787. Legitime of remaining ascendants
  1788. 1788. Option in case of disposition over the disposable portion
  1789. 1789. Reduction of inofficious gifts and dispositions
  1790. 1790. Calculation of disposable portion
  1791. 1791. Institution of heir
  1792. 1792. Liability of heir
  1793. 1793. Liability of legatee
  1794. 1794. Apportionment of the charges of the inheritance solely distributed by way of legacies
  1795. 1795. Insufficient estate to cover all the legacies
  1796. 1796. Characterization of legacy
  1797. 1797. Collective appointment along with individual institution
  1798. 1798. Institution by the testator of his brothers and sisters in general
  1799. 1799. Institution of certain person and his children
  1800. 1800. Expenditure of administration of inheritance absorbed by legacies
  1801. 1801. Legacy of the thing belonging to another
  1802. 1802. Legacy of the thing subsequently acquired by the testator
  1803. 1803. Legacy of own property of the heir or legatee
  1804. 1804. Legacy of the thing which belongs only in part to the deceased or his successors
  1805. 1805. Legacy of the movable thing not specified
  1806. 1806. Legacy of a thing inexistent in the inheritance
  1807. 1807. Legacy of a thing only partly available in the inheritance
  1808. 1808. Condition to marry or not to marry
  1809. 1809. Condition to compel reciprocation
  1810. 1810. Deferred execution of the disposition
  1811. 1811. Legacy without effect
  1812. 1812. Legacy of the things in alternative
  1813. 1813. Indivisibility of the disposition
  1814. 1814. Lapsing of the institution in view of supervenience of descendants to the testator
  1815. 1815. Supervenient children predeceasing the testator
  1816. 1816. Legacy of the thing pledged
  1817. 1817. Legacy of the ascertained thing ascertainable at the place where it is found
  1818. 1818. Legacy for payment of debt
  1819. 1819. Legacy for the payment of the debt not matured
  1820. 1820. Legacy made to a creditor of the testator
  1821. 1821. Legacy of a credit
  1822. 1822. Institution under condition; administration of the estate
  1823. 1823. Case in which the administration belongs to the presumptive legal heir
  1824. 1824. Bequests to the unborn
  1825. 1825. Powers of administrator
  1826. 1826. Acquisition of pure and simple legacies
  1827. 1827. Choice of a legacy of generic nature
  1828. 1828. Choice left to the legatee
  1829. 1829. Who is to choose in case of alternative legatee
  1830. 1830. Transferability of the right of choice
  1831. 1831. Legacy of maintenance
  1832. 1832. Legacy of a house with whatever is contained therein
  1833. 1833. Legacy of usufruct, without determination of time
  1834. 1834. Legacy of usufruct to a perpetual corporation
  1835. 1835. Legacy when the legatee becomes major
  1836. 1836. Legacy for charitable purposes
  1837. 1837. Ambiguity over person of the legatee or the thing bequeathed
  1838. 1838. Petition and delivery of the legacy
  1839. 1839. Who is to carry out the execution of the Will
  1840. 1840. Fruits and income of the legacy
  1841. 1841. Legacy of periodical installment
  1842. 1842. Expenditure on the delivery of the legacy
  1843. 1843. Manner and place of delivery of the legacy
  1844. 1844. Extension of the legacy of certain property
  1845. 1845. Legacy of a thing charged with encumbrances
  1846. 1846. Legal mortgage for the benefit of the legatee
  1847. 1847. Responsibility of the heirs in the legacy of the property of one of them
  1848. 1848. Legacy or institution under condition not to do a thing
  1849. 1849. Conditional legacy or legacy under term
  1850. 1850. Responsibility of heir apparent
  1851. 1851. Reduction of the encumbrance attached to the legacy
  1852. 1852. Right of accretion, in view of lapsing of some institution
  1853. 1853. Right of accretion, due to lapse of legacy
  1854. 1854. Exclusion of right of accretion amongst co-legatees
  1855. 1855. Effects of accretion
  1856. 1856. Renunciation of right of accretion
  1857. 1857. Recoverability of legacy
  1858. 1858. Concept of common substitution
  1859. 1859. Pupillary substitution
  1860. 1860. Lapsing of pupillary substitution
  1861. 1861. Quasi-pupillary substitution
  1862. 1862. Lapsing of quasi-pupillary substitution
  1863. 1863. Assets which pupillary substitution or quasi-pupillary substitution may include
  1864. 1864. Rights and obligations of the substituted
  1865. 1865. Reciprocal substitution
  1866. 1866. Fideicommissary substitution
  1867. 1867. Restriction of fideicommissum
  1868. 1868. Lapsing of the substitution
  1869. 1869. Nullity of the substitution
  1870. 1870. Disposition which are not analogous to fideicommissum
  1871. 1871. Irregular fideicommissum
  1872. 1872. Encumbrances to the benefit of paupers or establishments of public utility
  1873. 1873. Conditional irregular fideicommissum
  1874. 1874. Applicability of the previous legal provisions
  1875. 1875. Disinheritance
  1876. 1876. Grounds of disinheritance
  1877. 1877. Effects of disinheritance
  1878. 1878. Grounds for disinheritance of parents
  1879. 1879. Grounds for disinheritance of other ascendants and descendants
  1880. 1880. How the disinheritance is declared
  1881. 1881. Contesting the cause of disinheritance
  1882. 1882. Disinheritance without express cause or irrelevant cause
  1883. 1883. Right of maintenance of disinherited
  1884. 1884. Limitation to challenge the disinheritance
  1885. 1885. Concept of executor
  1886. 1886. Who can be executor
  1887. 1887. Incapacity of the married woman
  1888. 1888. Incapacity of the minor not emancipated
  1889. 1889. Refusal by executor
  1890. 1890. Limitation and manner for refusal
  1891. 1891. Refusal subsequent to the acceptance
  1892. 1892. Remuneration of executor
  1893. 1893. Execution of Will, in the impediment or refusal of the executor
  1894. 1894. Powers of the executor
  1895. 1895. Possession of inheritance, there being forced heirs
  1896. 1896. Possession of inheritance there being no forced heirs
  1897. 1897. How the heirs can object to the takeover of the inheritance by executor
  1898. 1898. Manner of contributing to the expenditure under the charge of the executor
  1899. 1899. General duties of the executor
  1900. 1900. Obligation to enlist the assets of inheritance
  1901. 1901. Obligations of the executor, when there are heirs who are minor, disabled or absent
  1902. 1902. Reservation of the inheritance for charitable purpose or public utility
  1903. 1903. Normal time for execution of the Will
  1904. 1904. Joint executors
  1905. 1905. Accounts by the executors
  1906. 1906. Non-transferability of the executorship
  1907. 1907. Right of accretion amongst executors
  1908. 1908. Reimbursement of expenditure made by executor
  1909. 1909. Removal of the executor
  1910. 1910. Types of Wills
  1911. 1911. Public Will
  1912. 1912. Declaration of the Will of the testator
  1913. 1913. Identification, mental sanity and liberty of the testator
  1914. 1914. Deed, reading and date of disposition
  1915. 1915. Signature of the witnesses
  1916. 1916. Testator who does not know or cannot write
  1917. 1917. Testator who is deaf or illiterate
  1918. 1918. Continuity in the execution of the Will
  1919. 1919. Consequence of omission of some formality
  1920. 1920. Concept of closed Will
  1921. 1921. Presentation of closed Will
  1922. 1922. Record of approval
  1923. 1923. Incompetency to dispose by closed Will
  1924. 1924. Closed Will of deaf and dumb
  1925. 1925. Omission of some formality
  1926. 1926. Delivery of the Will
  1927. 1927. Custody of the Will
  1928. 1928. Custody of the Will in the Secretariat of the Civil Government
  1929. 1929. Deposit of the Will in the testamentary archives
  1930. 1930. Removal of the Will
  1931. 1931. Power of attorney for removal of the Will
  1932. 1932. Opening of the Will
  1933. 1933. Act of opening or publication
  1934. 1934. Book of the acts of opening
  1935. 1935. Registration of the Will
  1936. 1936. Opening of the Will deposited with Civil Government
  1937. 1937. Non presentation of Will
  1938. 1938. Fraudulent removal of the Will
  1939. 1939. Closed Will which is already open
  1940. 1940. Defective or torn Will
  1941. 1941. Presumption as to who did vitiation
  1942. 1942. Alterations with errata note and signature of the testator
  1943. 1943. Torn Will found in the effects of the testator
  1944. 1944. Military Will
  1945. 1945. Solemnities of military Will
  1946. 1946. Will made in the hand of the testator
  1947. 1947. Omission of some formality
  1948. 1948. Maritime Will
  1949. 1949. Execution of the Will
  1950. 1950. Will of the captain or clerk
  1951. 1951. Will made in the hand of the testator
  1952. 1952. Duplicate and custody of the Will
  1953. 1953. Deposit of the Will before Portuguese consular authorities
  1954. 1954. Delivery of the Will to the national maritime authority
  1955. 1955. Receipt of the delivery
  1956. 1956. Report of the delivery
  1957. 1957. Deposit of the Will
  1958. 1958. Lapsing of maritime Will
  1959. 1959. Death of the testator at sea
  1960. 1960. Omission of some formality
  1961. 1961. External Will
  1962. 1962. Will received by Portuguese consular authorities
  1963. 1963. Copy to be sent to the Ministry of External Affairs
  1964. 1964. Formalities to be observed in case of closed Will
  1965. 1965. Will made by a foreigner in a foreign country
  1966. 1966. Persons incompetent to be witnesses, certifiers or interpreters in a Will
  1967. 1967. Limitation for suit of annulment on account of defect of external formalities
  1968. 1968. When and to which extent there is statutory succession
  1969. 1969. Order of statutory succession
  1970. 1970. Proximity of degree of relationship
  1971. 1971. Succession per capita
  1972. 1972. Renunciation of inheritance
  1973. 1973. Degrees and lines of relationship
  1974. 1974. Direct and transversal line
  1975. 1975. Types of relationship in direct line
  1976. 1976. Counting of degrees in direct line
  1977. 1977. Counting of degrees in transversal line
  1978. 1978. Incapacity to acquire by legal succession
  1979. 1979. Extent of legal incapacity
  1980. 1980. Right of representation
  1981. 1981. Representation in direct line
  1982. 1982. Representation in transversal line
  1983. 1983. Right of the representatives
  1984. 1984. Joint representatives
  1985. 1985. Succession of legitimate descendants
  1986. 1986. Succession per capita
  1987. 1987. Succession ‘per stirpes’
  1988. 1988. Succession of legitimated children
  1989. 1989. Succession of illegitimate descendants
  1990. 1990. Exclusive existence of illegitimate children
  1991. 1991. Claim by legitimate and illegitimate children
  1992. 1992. Limitation on total share of illegitimate children recognized after marriage
  1993. 1993. Succession of legitimate parents
  1994. 1994. Succession of illegitimate parents
  1995. 1995. Usufruct given to surviving spouse
  1996. 1996. Succession of grandparents and other ascendants beyond them
  1997. 1997. Division per capita: ascendants in the same degree
  1998. 1998. Ascendants who are not of the same degree
  1999. 1999. Succession of illegitimate ascendants
  2000. 2000. Succession of brothers, sisters and their descendants
  2001. 2001. Claim by full brothers and sisters with consanguineous and uterine ones
  2002. 2002. Succession of illegitimate children
  2003. 2003. Succession of surviving spouse
  2004. 2004. Succession of legitimate transversals
  2005. 2005. Succession of illegitimate transversals
  2006. 2006. Succession of the State
  2007. 2007. Juridical position of the successor State
  2008. 2008. Possession of inheritance by the State
  2009. 2009. Opening of inheritance
  2010. 2010. Precautionary measures in respect of movable assets of the inheritance
  2011. 2011. Transmission of ownership and possession of inheritance
  2012. 2012. When there is place for inventory
  2013. 2013. When there is place for extra judicial partition
  2014. 2014. Juridical positions of the heirs
  2015. 2015. Indivisibility of the inheritance prior to partition
  2016. 2016. Right of petition of inheritance in totality
  2017. 2017. Prescription of right to petition for inheritance
  2018. 2018. Forms of acceptance of inheritance
  2019. 2019. Liabilities of the heir
  2020. 2020. Acceptance and renunciation of distinct inheritances
  2021. 2021. Liberty to accept or to renounce
  2022. 2022. Nullity of partial acceptance or partial renunciation on terms or under conditions
  2023. 2023. Capacity to accept or renounce
  2024. 2024. Acceptance or renunciation of one of spouses
  2025. 2025. Acceptance of inheritance left to person under disability
  2026. 2026. Acceptance of inheritance left to deaf and dumb
  2027. 2027. Forms of acceptance – Conduct of the heir
  2028. 2028. Acts which do not imply acceptance
  2029. 2029. The cession of inheritance which does not involve acceptance
  2030. 2030. Effects of judgment declaring as an heir
  2031. 2031. Disagreement between co-heirs about acceptance or renunciation
  2032. 2032. Transmission of right of acceptance
  2033. 2033. Indivisibility of renunciation
  2034. 2034. Formalities of renunciation
  2035. 2035. Effects of renunciation
  2036. 2036. Contesting the acceptance
  2037. 2037. Contesting the renunciation
  2038. 2038. Heir entitled simultaneously by Will and ab intestate
  2039. 2039. Necessity of express renunciation in respect of indisposable portion
  2040. 2040. Right of subrogation in respect of acceptance of inheritance
  2041. 2041. Imposition of time limit for acceptance or renunciation
  2042. 2042. Prohibition of agreement to renounce
  2043. 2043. Retrospectivity of acceptance and renunciation
  2044. 2044. Time limit for acceptance under benefit of inventory
  2045. 2045. Counting of time in case the heir is not in possession of inheritance
  2046. 2046. Heirs minor and under disability
  2047. 2047. Disagreement over the form of acceptance
  2048. 2048. Summons to the parties
  2049. 2049. Starting and end of inventory
  2050. 2050. Extension of time for inventory
  2051. 2051. Non-observance of prescribed time on account of fault of beneficiary
  2052. 2052. Precautionary measures
  2053. 2053. Withholding of assets by the heirs
  2054. 2054. Administration of inheritance
  2055. 2055. Sale of assets of inheritance
  2056. 2056. Payment of legacies and debts of inheritance
  2057. 2057. Rights of creditors in case of execution
  2058. 2058. Preference of creditors over legatees
  2059. 2059. Inheritance where debts exceed assets
  2060. 2060. Right of beneficiary over the remainder of inheritance
  2061. 2061. Right of creditors over legatees already paid
  2062. 2062. Continuation of inventory started by one who had first accepted it
  2063. 2063. Costs of inventory
  2064. 2064. Compulsory or orphanological inventory
  2065. 2065. Inventory amongst majors
  2066. 2066. Inventory having in view of the acceptance under benefit of inventory
  2067. 2067. Administrator (“Cabeca de Casal – C.C”)
  2068. 2068. Who is administrator (“Cabeca de Casal – C.C”)
  2069. 2069. Cases in which the office devolves on guardian of person under disability
  2070. 2070. Assets which were in possession of co-heirs
  2071. 2071. Obligation to take up the inventory
  2072. 2072. Declarations of the administrator
  2073. 2073. Description of assets of inheritance
  2074. 2074. Description of moveables
  2075. 2075. Description of immoveables
  2076. 2076. Description of consolidated funds
  2077. 2077. Description of active debts and passive debts
  2078. 2078. Description of assets to be allotted in preferential manner or belonging to a third party
  2079. 2079. Withholding of assets by administrator
  2080. 2080. Fraudulent description of credits, rights and charges
  2081. 2081. Fraudulent concealment of certain title deeds
  2082. 2082. Duration of administration of administrator
  2083. 2083. Powers of administrator
  2084. 2084. When administrator can be sued
  2085. 2085. Rights of the administrator
  2086. 2086. Expenditure incurred by the administrator on account of inheritance
  2087. 2087. Question which cannot be decided by inspection of certain documents
  2088. 2088. Removal of administrator
  2089. 2089. Appraisal in inventory amongst majors
  2090. 2090. Appraisal in inventory amongst minors only
  2091. 2091. Appraisal in inventory in which there are majors and minors
  2092. 2092. Appraisal of jewellery and precious metals
  2093. 2093. Appraisal of special objects
  2094. 2094. Appraisal of lands and buildings
  2095. 2095. Appraisal of right to possession and enjoyment (‘dominium utile’)
  2096. 2096. Appraisal of ownership of soil (‘dominium directum’)
  2097. 2097. Appraisal of improvements
  2098. 2098. Concept of collation
  2099. 2099. Exemption of collation
  2100. 2100. Obligation of collation on part of grandchildren
  2101. 2101. Presumed exemption of collation
  2102. 2102. Forced heirs exempted from collation
  2103. 2103. Gifts made to spouse of son or daughter
  2104. 2104. Expenditure subject to collation
  2105. 2105. Values not subject to collation
  2106. 2106. Fruits and profits to be collated
  2107. 2107. How collation is done
  2108. 2108. Collation of common assets gifted by both spouses
  2109. 2109. Manner of satisfying the co-heirs of the donee
  2110. 2110. Compensation to co-heirs of the donee
  2111. 2111. Gifts which exceed legitime of donee
  2112. 2112. Question as to obligation to collate
  2113. 2113. Improvement on the assets which devolve in preferential manner
  2114. 2114. Collation of assets which are to devolve in preferential manner acquired with consideration
  2115. 2115. Payment of debts of inheritance
  2116. 2116. Expenses of funeral
  2117. 2117. Approval of debts in inventory of majors
  2118. 2118. Approval of debts in inventory of minors
  2119. 2119. Manner of payment of debts
  2120. 2120. Manner of payment in inventory amongst minors
  2121. 2121. Redemption of certain encumbrances
  2122. 2122. Deduction of encumbrances in rem in the partition
  2123. 2123. Right of restitution to the person adversely affected with payment of charge
  2124. 2124. Probative value of the instruments against estate-leaver
  2125. 2125. Inheritance where debts exceed assets
  2126. 2126. Form of partition and declaration of licitation
  2127. 2127. Formalities of licitation and when to be held
  2128. 2128. Objection to the licitation. Second appraisal
  2129. 2129. Licitation over the things value of which exceeds share of person offering the bid in properties to be partitioned
  2130. 2130. Licitation in case of persons under disability
  2131. 2131. Licitation not to be withdrawn
  2132. 2132. Objection against excessive valuation
  2133. 2133. Agreement in respect of new price declared
  2134. 2134. Disagreement in respect of new price declared
  2135. 2135. Acceptance of the thing as per value of appraisal
  2136. 2136. Auction open to all parties
  2137. 2137. Deposit of price of auction
  2138. 2138. Steps subsequent to licitation
  2139. 2139. Satisfying shares of those who have not bid or who are not subject to collation
  2140. 2140. Sortition of remaining properties
  2141. 2141. Sortition there being heirs with unequal shares
  2142. 2142. Composition of lots
  2143. 2143. Easement arising from division of properties
  2144. 2144. Objection against composition of lots
  2145. 2145. What is to be done in case of indivisible things which have not been brought by licitation and which do not fit in the lots
  2146. 2146. Sale of thing in public auction
  2147. 2147. Absence of purchaser
  2148. 2148. Payment of life time annual pensions in inventory of minors
  2149. 2149. Payment of said pensions in inventory of majors
  2150. 2150. Pension capitalization of which exceeds disposable share
  2151. 2151. Separation of assets for payment of debts in the inventory of minors
  2152. 2152. Separation for same purpose in inventory of majors
  2153. 2153. Delivery of title deeds of the partitioned properties
  2154. 2154. Title deeds of partitioned properties
  2155. 2155. Title deeds of sharepartners with equal parts
  2156. 2156. Report of delivery of title deeds
  2157. 2157. Payment of costs of inventory
  2158. 2158. Effects of partition
  2159. 2159. Eviction from partitioned properties
  2160. 2160. Cases in which the evicted has no right to get compensation
  2161. 2161. Insolvency of some of the heirs of the evicted person
  2162. 2162. Prescription of suit for damages in respect of eviction
  2163. 2163. Rescission in case of extra-judicial partition
  2164. 2164. Rescission in case of judicial partition
  2165. 2165. Preterition or lack of intervention of some co-heirs
  2166. 2166. Additional partition
  2167. 2167. Definition of right to property
  2168. 2168. Kinds of ownership
  2169. 2169. Rights of the owners
  2170. 2170. Limitations on the right to ownership
  2171. 2171. Absolute and determinable ownership
  2172. 2172. Presumption of absolute ownership
  2173. 2173. Indicia of ownership
  2174. 2174. Effects of termination of ownership
  2175. 2175. Sole and joint property
  2176. 2176. Rights of a co-owner
  2177. 2177. Disposal of specified portion of a common property
  2178. 2178. Expenses for the conservation of common thing
  2179. 2179. Use and administration of the common thing
  2180. 2180. Division of common asset
  2181. 2181. Mode of Partition
  2182. 2182. Partition through arbitrators
  2183. 2183. Indivisible asset
  2184. 2184. External form of partition of immobile assets
  2185. 2185. Agreement not to partition common asset
  2186. 2186. Rights of co-owner after partition
  2187. 2187. Absolute ownership and limited property
  2188. 2188. Rights of a holder of a share in the property
  2189. 2189. Types of limited property
  2190. 2190. Concept of share
  2191. 2191. Administrator of the property
  2192. 2192. Improvements: in whose favour do they revert
  2193. 2193. All share holders are necessary parties in a title suit
  2194. 2194. Right of share holder
  2195. 2195. Preferential rights of possessor and share holders
  2196. 2196. Abolition of share in future
  2197. 2197. Usufruct
  2198. 2198. Usufruct, how constituted
  2199. 2199. Simultaneous and successive usufruct
  2200. 2200. Forms of usufruct
  2201. 2201. Regulation of usufruct
  2202. 2202. Usufructuary’s right of fruition
  2203. 2203. Outstanding produce
  2204. 2204. Incomplete factory manufactured industrial products
  2205. 2205. Civil fruits
  2206. 2206. Rights inherent to the thing under enjoyment
  2207. 2207. Other rights of the usufructuary
  2208. 2208. Usufruct of perishable objects
  2209. 2209. Quasi Usufruct
  2210. 2210. Usufruct of vines and olive plantations
  2211. 2211. Usufruct of woods and pine
  2212. 2212. Usufruct of plants in nursery
  2213. 2213. Digging of mines and stone quarries
  2214. 2214. Usufruct of manufacturing establishment
  2215. 2215. Additional patent subsequent to the alienation of the usufruct of the invention
  2216. 2216. Treasure found in the property under enjoyment
  2217. 2217. Right to make improvements to the object of usufruct
  2218. 2218. Letter of addition to the invention obtained by usufructuary
  2219. 2219. Preservation of the usufruct
  2220. 2220. Compensation for deterioration through improvements
  2221. 2221. Duties of the Usufructuary
  2222. 2222. Non furnishing of security
  2223. 2223. Mode of enjoyment
  2224. 2224. Responsibility of the usufructuary for the alienation of the usufruct
  2225. 2225. Duties of usufructuary of herds and flocks
  2226. 2226. Duties of usufructuary of fruit bearing trees
  2227. 2227. Consent for acts by the owner
  2228. 2228. Ordinary repairs
  2229. 2229. Extra ordinary maintenance
  2230. 2230. Extra ordinary repairs made by the owner
  2231. 2231. Liabilities of the General Usufructuary of an inheritance
  2232. 2232. Liabilities of the usufructuary of a share of the inheritance
  2233. 2233. Position of the usufructuary of specified items of the inheritance
  2234. 2234. Usufruct of mortgaged properties
  2235. 2235. Payments of the debts of the inheritance by the usufructuary thereof
  2236. 2236. Payment of the debts of the inheritance by a mere owner
  2237. 2237. The usufruct of amounts invested on interest, public issues or shares
  2238. 2238. Ordinary taxes and other annual dues
  2239. 2239. Outgoings over capitals or property
  2240. 2240. Violation of the right to property by third person
  2241. 2241. Causes of the extinction of the usufruct
  2242. 2242. Rescission by the creditors of the relinquishment by the usufructuary
  2243. 2243. Partial loss of the thing enjoyed
  2244. 2244. Duration of usufructuary to the benefit of legal persons
  2245. 2245. Usufructuary granted till certain age of a third party
  2246. 2246. The usufruct over a building eventually destroyed
  2247. 2247. Destruction of building integrated in rural property under usufruct
  2248. 2248. Acquisition of the thing under usufruct for public purpose
  2249. 2249. Misuse of the thing enjoyed
  2250. 2250. Extinction of usufruct favouring many persons
  2251. 2251. Effects of extinction of usufruct
  2252. 2252. Sharing of fruits not plucked
  2253. 2253. Liability of the usufructuary for the fruits collected prematurely
  2254. 2254. Rights of use and habitation
  2255. 2255. Mode of Constitution
  2256. 2256. Duties of person using
  2257. 2257. Use of the fruits of the property
  2258. 2258. Personal nature of the right to use
  2259. 2259. Expenses which are fully to be borne by the person using
  2260. 2260. Encumbrances which only partially affect the person using
  2261. 2261. Other provisions applicable to the right of use
  2262. 2262. Right of common pastures
  2263. 2263. Pasturage in public lands
  2264. 2264. Mode of constitution
  2265. 2265. Abolition of certain kinds of common pasturage
  2266. 2266. Remission of perpetual encumbrance of pasturage
  2267. 2267. Concept of Easement
  2268. 2268. Inseparability of the properties
  2269. 2269. Indivisibility of Easements
  2270. 2270. Classification of Easements
  2271. 2271. Sources of Easements
  2272. 2272. Mode of Constitution of apparent easements
  2273. 2273. Modes of Constitution of non apparent easements
  2274. 2274. Easement by indication by a head of family
  2275. 2275. Regulation of easements constituted by legal transaction
  2276. 2276. Right to do acts to secure enjoyment
  2277. 2277. Works to be carried out by owner of servient tenement
  2278. 2278. Changes of easement
  2279. 2279. Extinction of easements
  2280. 2280. Counting of non–user
  2281. 2281. Interruption of non–use when there are many dominant proprietors
  2282. 2282. Legal easement of water drainage
  2283. 2283. Protection works to contain waters
  2284. 2284. Removal of materials which may hinder the course of waters
  2285. 2285. Duty to contribute towards expenses of aforesaid works
  2286. 2286. Restrictions on the right to property
  2287. 2287. Right of Enjoyment
  2288. 2288. Vertical limits of property
  2289. 2289. Concept of Accession
  2290. 2290. Natural accession
  2291. 2291. Alluvion
  2292. 2292. Avulsion
  2293. 2293. Land flooded or submerged due to change of the direction of current
  2294. 2294. Ownership of certain islands and river islands
  2295. 2295. Islands and Banks in non navigable rivers
  2296. 2296. Land flooded by a current which splits up
  2297. 2297. Lakes and ponds
  2298. 2298. Industrial accession
  2299. 2299. Coming together or confounding in good faith
  2300. 2300. Coming together or merge in bad faith
  2301. 2301. Casual merger
  2302. 2302. Specification in good faith
  2303. 2303. Transformation in bad faith
  2304. 2304. Construction in own property with materials belonging to another
  2305. 2305. Cultivation in own property with seed belonging to another
  2306. 2306. Construction or plantation in the property of another
  2307. 2307. Construction or plantation in bad faith in the property of another
  2308. 2308. Acquisition of trees belonging to another in own property
  2309. 2309. Easement of passage by operation of law
  2310. 2310. Location of the passage
  2311. 2311. Transfer of land locked property by one of the adjoining owners
  2312. 2312. Content of the Right of Easement
  2313. 2313. Cessation of easement
  2314. 2314. Right of access or transit
  2315. 2315. Right of transformation
  2316. 2316. Limits to the rights of transformation
  2317. 2317. Plantation of trees and bushes
  2318. 2318. Plucking of fruits
  2319. 2319. Ownership of trees along the boundary line
  2320. 2320. Uprooting of common trees or bushes
  2321. 2321. Right to dig mines or excavation
  2322. 2322. Limitations to the above rights
  2323. 2323. Restriction on the right to make excavation
  2324. 2324. Right to construct or build
  2325. 2325. Easement of air and light
  2326. 2326. Properties exempted from the present restriction
  2327. 2327. Means to avoid dropping of water over adjoining properties
  2328. 2328. Forced sharing of compound wall
  2329. 2329. Opening of windows in common wall
  2330. 2330. Construction over common compound wall
  2331. 2331. Raising of common compound wall
  2332. 2332. Right and duty to reconstruct the existing wall
  2333. 2333. Forced communion in the raised portion of a wall
  2334. 2334. Repair and reconstruction of common wall
  2335. 2335. Repairs to various floors belonging to different owners
  2336. 2336. Ownership of boundary wall
  2337. 2337. Presumption of communion
  2338. 2338. Construction of soak pits along common wall or neighbouring wall
  2339. 2339. Right of exclusion and defence
  2340. 2340. Right of demarcation
  2341. 2341. Basis of Demarcation
  2342. 2342. Demarcation in case the title or possession is not sufficient
  2343. 2343. Title document in conflict with the area of the land
  2344. 2344. Mistake in fixation of boundary marks
  2345. 2345. Right to demarcation not subject to prescription
  2346. 2346. Right to enclose property
  2347. 2347. Opening of trenches or ditches around property
  2348. 2348. Canals and water outlets presumed to be held in common
  2349. 2349. Indications that holding is not in common
  2350. 2350. Conservation and cleaning of common canal
  2351. 2351. Presumption regarding ownership of fence of living plants
  2352. 2352. Conservation and replanting of common fence
  2353. 2353. Raising of wooden fences and hedges
  2354. 2354. Right of defence
  2355. 2355. Bar on new work
  2356. 2356. Right of restitution and compensation of violated rights
  2357. 2357. Modes of alienation or transfer
  2358. 2358. Need for express alienation
  2359. 2359. Primacy of right of alienation
  2360. 2360. Acquisition for public purpose
  2361. 2361. Duty to compensate for violation of the right of another
  2362. 2362. Mode of violation of rights
  2363. 2363. Types of liability for unlawful acts and omissions
  2364. 2364. Concept of Criminal and Civil Liability
  2365. 2365. Connection between Criminal and Civil liability
  2366. 2366. Heritability of right to compensation
  2367. 2367. Principle of self defence
  2368. 2368. Duty to assist the victim
  2369. 2369. Determination and assessment of the limits of fair defence
  2370. 2370. The legitimacy of self defence
  2371. 2371. Liability of the persons incharge of public security
  2372. 2372. Joint responsibility of offenders
  2373. 2373. Court having jurisdiction to order civil compensation
  2374. 2374. Civil damages to person who was not party to the criminal case
  2375. 2375. Security for the right to compensation
  2376. 2376. Security for compensation for married offender
  2377. 2377. Grounds for exemption from criminal responsibility but not from civil compensation
  2378. 2378. Limits of compensation in case of a person of unsound mind
  2379. 2379. Civil liability of minor
  2380. 2380. Liability for damages caused by employees or agents
  2381. 2381. Damages caused in guest houses or hotels
  2382. 2382. Types of damages
  2383. 2383. Violation of primary rights and acquired rights
  2384. 2384. Compensation in case of voluntary homicide
  2385. 2385. Compensation for culpable homicide
  2386. 2386. Compensation in the case of voluntary hurt
  2387. 2387. Injuries not caused voluntarily
  2388. 2388. Acts in violation of personal liberty
  2389. 2389. Wrongs against good name and reputation
  2390. 2390. False accusation or allegation of any crime
  2391. 2391. Violation of honour and virginity
  2392. 2392. Encroachment or violation of rights
  2393. 2393. Contractual Liability
  2394. 2394. Liability for damages caused by animals or by other private things
  2395. 2395. Damage caused by collapse of a building which was in danger of collapsing
  2396. 2396. Damages caused out of necessity
  2397. 2397. Damage ordered by Public authority
  2398. 2398. Losses caused by non-observance of regulations or by negligence
  2399. 2399. Damages caused by public servants in performance of duty
  2400. 2400. Damages caused by public servants exceeding their lawful powers
  2401. 2401. Liability of Judge for their judgements
  2402. 2402. Crimes, abuses and judicial errors by judges
  2403. 2403. Compensation due to an accused acquitted in Revision for a criminal sentence already executed
  2404. 2404. Definition of proof
  2405. 2405. Onus of proof
  2406. 2406. Proof of local or foreign law
  2407. 2407. Means of proof
  2408. 2408. Definition of admission
  2409. 2409. Types of admission
  2410. 2410. Meaning of judicial admission
  2411. 2411. Deposition by party
  2412. 2412. Probative value of judicial admission
  2413. 2413. Revocation of judicial admission
  2414. 2414. Meaning of extrajudicial admission
  2415. 2415. Modes of effecting extrajudicial admission
  2416. 2416. Probative value of extrajudicial admission
  2417. 2417. Admission should be taken as a whole
  2418. 2418. Evidence by verification of facts in relation to immovables and movables
  2419. 2419. Probative value of verification of facts in respect of movables and immovables
  2420. 2420. Definition of documentary evidence
  2421. 2421. Types of documents
  2422. 2422. Meaning of authentic document
  2423. 2423. Kinds of authentic documents
  2424. 2424. Documents separately kept at ‘Torre de Tombo’
  2425. 2425. Probative value of authentic official documents
  2426. 2426. Probative value of authentic extra-official documents
  2427. 2427. Declarations not covered by probative value of authentic documents
  2428. 2428. Indispensable nature of proof by authentic document
  2429. 2429. Reconstitution of misplaced or spoilt documents
  2430. 2430. Probative value of authentic documents issued in foreign countries
  2431. 2431. Definition of private documents
  2432. 2432. Private documents written and signed by their author
  2433. 2433. Probative value of private documents signed by the author or witness
  2434. 2434. Private documents signed on request or by cross
  2435. 2435. Burden cast on person to whom a writing is attributed
  2436. 2436. Date of private documents in relation to third person
  2437. 2437. Private writing which does not hold against its author
  2438. 2438. Notings by creditor in document creating obligation
  2439. 2439. Value of personal household documents
  2440. 2440. Personal household documents to be taken as a whole
  2441. 2441. Proof of births, marriages and deaths
  2442. 2442. Proof of unregistered facts
  2443. 2443. Acts prior to the Code
  2444. 2444. Details to be included in certificate
  2445. 2445. Scope of Civil Registration
  2446. 2446. Serial number for registration entries
  2447. 2447. Reading of record
  2448. 2448. Requirement of records
  2449. 2449. Particulars mentioned in the record
  2450. 2450. Corrections or additions to the record
  2451. 2451. Initialing of documents presented
  2452. 2452. Duplicate registration
  2453. 2453. Archives of closed books
  2454. 2454. Transcription in the Civil Registration Office of the domicile of parties
  2455. 2455. Records made at residence
  2456. 2456. Registration of civil acts concerning foreigners
  2457. 2457. Organization of Civil Registration system
  2458. 2458. Penalties for violation
  2459. 2459. Birth record
  2460. 2460. Persons liable to declare the birth
  2461. 2461. Declaration of the existence of foundlings or abandoned children
  2462. 2462. Official competent to receive birth declaration
  2463. 2463. Signing of birth record
  2464. 2464. Special requirements of birth registration
  2465. 2465. Requirements for birth record of abandoned children
  2466. 2466. Birth registration of children who died before registration
  2467. 2467. Particulars of parents and grand-parents
  2468. 2468. Presumption of legitimacy of children born during subsistence of marriage
  2469. 2469. Entries of legitimation and recognition
  2470. 2470. Birth records of those born in homes for lepers
  2471. 2471. Record of birth during sea voyage
  2472. 2472. Delivery of signed note
  2473. 2473. Transcription of birth registration
  2474. 2474. Registration of birth occurred during land journey
  2475. 2475. Registration of marriages
  2476. 2476. Registration (transcription) of Catholic marriage
  2477. 2477. Record of marriage celebrated before Civil Registration office
  2478. 2478. Requirement of entry
  2479. 2479. Transcription of marriage by Portuguese citizen in a foreign country
  2480. 2480. Endorsement of annulment
  2481. 2481. Registration of Death
  2482. 2482. Report of Death
  2483. 2483. Requirement of death record
  2484. 2484. Record of death occurred in hospital, jails and leper homes
  2485. 2485. Registration of death of unknown person
  2486. 2486. Registration of death during sea journey
  2487. 2487. Registration of death occurs during land journey
  2488. 2488. Register of acknowledgement and legitimations
  2489. 2489. Records to be made in the aforesaid book
  2490. 2490. Requirements in records of legitimation or acknowledgement
  2491. 2491. Endorsement on the records
  2492. 2492. Capacity to be witness
  2493. 2493. Defects which undo the probative value of authentic documents
  2494. 2494. Nullity of official documents
  2495. 2495. Nullity of extra-official documents
  2496. 2496. Falsity of documents
  2497. 2497. Authenticity of document prior to XVI century
  2498. 2498. Probative value
  2499. 2499. Need for transcripts of Powers of Attorney mentioned in documents
  2500. 2500. Suspicion of falsity of transcript or certificate
  2501. 2501. Requirements of transcripts and certificates
  2502. 2502. Meaning of Res judicata
  2503. 2503. Requisites of Res Judicata
  2504. 2504. Value of Criminal Res Judicata in Civil matters
  2505. 2505. Effect of acquittal of accused in criminal case on civil suit for damages
  2506. 2506. Admissibility
  2507. 2507. Limits to use of oral evidence
  2508. 2508. Oral evidence against or beyond legalized documents
  2509. 2509. Who can be a witness
  2510. 2510. Natural disability from being witness
  2511. 2511. Legal incapacity
  2512. 2512. Testimony of a sole witness
  2513. 2513. Single deposition tending to prove the same
  2514. 2514. Probative value of depositions
  2515. 2515. Defendant’s evidence to prevail
  2516. 2516. Meaning
  2517. 2517. Force of legal presumptions
  2518. 2518. Rebuttal of legal presumptions
  2519. 2519. Judicial discretion as to presumption
  2520. 2520. Requirements
  2521. 2521. Kinds of oath
  2522. 2522. Meaning of different kinds of oath
  2523. 2523. Admissibility
  2524. 2524. Stage at which decisory oath may be taken
  2525. 2525. Consequences of refusal
  2526. 2526. When oath can be taken
  2527. 2527. Effects of oath
  2528. 2528. Bar on retracting from oath
  2529. 2529. Consequences of oath
  2530. 2530. Oath by one of joint creditors
  2531. 2531. Oaths which benefit third parties
  2532. 2532. Limitations to the preceding provision
  2533. 2533. Limits as to admissibility
  2534. 2534. Consequence of ex-officio oath
  2535. 2535. Bar on self defence
  2536. 2536. Role of law in protection of rights
  2537. 2537. Means to defend and secure rights
  2538. 2538. Laws regulating suits and courts
  2539. Sole paragraph. The interest, relating to previous years
  2540. Sole paragraph (preceding 964). Fortuitous destruction or misplacing of certificate

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