Chapter 1 Chapter 1

Preliminary

ifjHkk"a,¡%& ifjHkk"a,¡%& ifjHkk"a,¡%& ifjHkk"a,¡%& tc rd lanHkZ esa vU;Fkk visf{kr u gks, bl fo/ks;d esa %&

¼d½ ^vuqnku* ls vfHkizsr gS jkT; ljdkj }kjk fdlh ekU;rk izkIr 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk dks nh x;h dksbZ Hkh lgk;rk A

¼[k½ ^^vuqnku izkIr laLFkk** ls vfHkizsr gS ,slh dksbZ ekU;rk izkIr 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk] tks jkT; ljdkj ls vuqj{k.k vuqnku ds :i esa lgk;rk izkIr dj jgh gS A

¼x½ ^^vf/kfo| ifj"kn~** ls vfHkizsr gS >kj[k.M ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir vf/kfo| ifj"kn~ A

¼?k½ ^^izfrdkjkRe d HkÙkk** ls vfHkizsr gS ,sls oS;fDrd O;; dh izfriwfrZ djus ds fy, fn;k x;k dksbZ HkÙkk] tks mu fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vko';d gks] ftlesa dÙkZO; ikyu fd;k tk; vkSj blesa dksbZ ;k=k HkÙkk lfEefyr gksxk] fdUrq dksbZ lRdkj HkÙkk ;k Hkkjr ds ckgj fdlh Hkh LFkku rd ;k ls fu%'kqYd ;k=k vuqnku lfEefyr ugha gksxk A

¼³½ ^^l{ke izkf/kdkjh** ls vfHkizsr gS jkT; ljdkj }kjk ,sls {ks= ds fy, ;k ekU;rk izkIr xSj&ljdkjh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa ds ,sls oxZ ds laca/k esa] tks fd vf/klwpuk esa fofufnZ"V fd;k tk;] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu l{ke izkf/kdkjh ds ÑR;ksa dk fuoZgu djus ds fy, vf/klwpuk }kjk izkf/kÑr dksbZ Hkh vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdkjh A

¼p½ ^^f'k{kk funs'kd** ls vfHkizsr gS %& ¼i½ Lukrd vkSj LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj rRleku ;k mPprj v/;;u dh mu 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ds laca/k esa] tks rduhdh f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa ls fHkUu gS] funs'kd] mPp f'k{kk] >kj[k.M vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk izkf/kÑr mifuns'kd ;k muls Åij ds vf/kdkjh A ¼ii½ baVj egkfo|ky; rFkk mPp fo|ky; ds laca/k esa funs'kd] ek/;fed f'k{kk] >kj[k.M vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk izkf/kÑr mifuns'kd ;k muds Åij ds vf/kdkjh A

¼iii½ izkFkfed ,oa e/; fo|ky;ksa ds laca/k esa] funs'kd] izkFkfed f'k{kk] >kj[k.M vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk izkf/kÑr mifuns'kd ;k muls mij ds vf/kdkjh A

¼N½ ^^{ks=h; mi f'k{kk funs'kd**] ^^ftyk f'k{kk inkf/kdkjh** ,oa ^^ftyk f'k{kk v/kh{kd** ls vfHkizsr gS ,sls f'k{kk ds izHkkjh tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk mu inksa ij vf/klwfpr fd, x, gksa A

¼t½ ^^'kSf{kd lkslkbVh** ;k ^^'kSf{kd ,tsUlh** ls vfHkizsr gS ik= xSj ljdkjh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk dks LFkkfir ;k vuqjf{kr djus ds y, vuqKkr dksbZ U;kl] O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dk fudk; A ¼>½ ^deZpkjh* esa ik= laLFkk esa dke djus okyk dksbZ v/;kid vkSj izR;sd vU; deZpkjh lfEefyr gS A ¼ ́½ ^^fo|eku laLFkk** ls vfHkizsr gS bl v/;kns'k ds izkjaHk ds iwoZ LFkkfir vkSj ,sls izkjaHk ds le; bl :i esa py jgh dksbZ Hkh ekU;rk izkIr 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk A ¼V½ ^^laLFkk dk iz/kku** ls vfHkizsr gS fdlh laLFkk dk fdlh Hkh uke ls tkuk tkus okyk iz/kku 'kS{kf.kd vf/kdkjh A ¼B½ ^laLFkk* esa fdlh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk ls lacaf/kr lHkh py vkSj vpy laifÙk;k¡ lfEefyr gS A ¼M½ ^^vuqj{k.k vuqnku** ls vfHkizsr gS fdlh laLFkk dks fn;k x;k ,slk vkorhZ lgk;rk vuqnku] ftlds ,sls vuqnku ds :i esa ekus tkus dk funsZ'k jkT; ljdkj lkekU; ;k fo'ks"k vkns'k }kjk ns A ¼<½ ^izca/k* ;k ^^izca/k lfefr** ls vfHkizsr gS] fdlh laLFkk ds laca/k esa fu;e ds v/khu xfBr izca/k lfefr vkSj blesa lfpo ;k fdlh Hkh uke ls inkfHkfgr dksbZ ,slk vU; O;fDr lfEefyr gS] ftlesa laLFkk ds dketkr dk izca/k vkSj lapkyu djus dk izkf/kdkj fufgr fd;k x;k gS A ¼.k½ ^^xSj ljdkjh 'kSf{kd laLFkk** ls vfHkizsr gS ,slk dksbZ egkfo|ky;] fo|ky;] tks f'k{kk nsus ;k jkT; vFkok dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk ekU; dksbZ izek.k&i=] fMxzh] fMIyksek ;k dksbZ Hkh 'ksSf{kd fof'k"Vrk vfHkizkIr djus ds fy, Nk=ksa dks rS;kj djus ;k izf'k{k.k nsus ds mís'; ls LFkkfir dh xbZ vkSj pyk;h tkr gks ;k tks jkT; esa yksaxks ds 'kS{kf.kd fodkl ds fy, dk;Z dj jgh gks vkSj tks jkT; ;k dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k fdlh Hkh fo'ofo|ky; ;k LFkkuh; izkf/kdj.k ;k jkT; ;k dsUnzh; ljdkj ds LokfeRo ;k fu;a=.k ds v/khu ds fdlh vU; izkf/kdj.k ds u rks LokfeRok/khu gks u mlds }kjk izcaf/kr A ¼r½ ^^ik= laLFkk** ls vfHkizsr gS dafMdk&3 esa mfYyf[kr ik=rk dh 'kÙkks± dks iwjk djus okyk 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku A ¼Fk½ ^osru* esa fdlh deZpkjh dh dqy ifjyfC/k;k¡ gSa ftlesa mls rRl;e lans; eg¡xkbZ HkÙkk ;k dksbZ Hkh vU; HkÙkk ;k vuqrks"k lfEefyr gS] fdUrq izfrdkjkRed HkÙkk lfEefyr ugha gS A ¼n½ ^^eatwjh izkf/kdkjh** ls vfHkizsr gS ,slh ekU;rk izkIr 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa dks] ftUgsa jkT; ljdkj fofgr dh tkus okyh izfØ;k ds vuqlkj le;&le; ij fofufnZ"V djs] dks vuqnku eatwj djus ds fy, jkT; ljdkj }kjk izkf/kÑr dksbZ vf/kdkjh A ¼/k½ ^^jkT; ljdkj** ls vfHkizsr gS >kj[k.M jkT; dh ljdkj A ¼u½ ^v/;kid* ls vfHkizsr gS] dksbZ vkpk;Z] mikpk;Z ;k izk/;kid ;k fdlh xSj&ljdkjh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk esa f'k{kk ;k izf'k{k.k iznku djus okyk ;k vuqla/kku ;k fdlh izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk lapkyu vkSj ekxZn'kZu djus okyk fdlh Hkh uke ls vfHkfgr dksbZ vU; O;fDr vkSj blesa laLFkk dk iz/kku lfEefyr gS] vkSj ¼i½ ^^fo'ofo|ky;** ls vfHkizsr gS >kj[k.M jkT; ds mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] >kj[k.M ljdkj ds fu;a=.kk/khu LFkkfir dksbZ fo'ofo|ky; A ¼Q½ ^vf/kfu;e* ls vfHkizsr gS] >kj[k.M jkT; foÙkjfgr 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku ¼vuqnku½ vf/kfu;e] 2004 A