Stages of a Criminal Trial: FIR to Sentencing

9 steps · 3 deadlines

Step by step

1. 1

   FIR or Complaint

   Information regarding a cognizable offence is recorded as First Information Report. Police can register zero FIR at any police station regardless of territorial jurisdiction.

   BNSS Section 173 →CrPC Section 154 →
2. 2

   Investigation & Evidence

   Police investigate the crime scene, record statements of witnesses, seize material evidence, and record forensic audiovisual evidence under mandatory procedural safeguards.

   BNSS Section 175 →BNSS Section 192 →CrPC Section 156 →CrPC Section 172 →
3. 3

   Charge-Sheet / Final Report

   Upon completion of investigation, the investigating officer submits the final report to the Magistrate stating whether a prima facie case is made out or closing the matter as untraced/false.

   BNSS Section 193 →CrPC Section 173 →
4. 4

   Cognizance & Process

   Magistrate applies judicial mind to the charge-sheet. If prima facie evidence exists, the court takes cognizance and issues summons or warrants to ensure presence of the accused.

   BNSS Section 210 →BNSS Section 227 →CrPC Section 190 →CrPC Section 204 →
5. 5

   Discharge or Framing of Charge

   The court hears initial arguments. If allegations are groundless, accused is discharged. If prima facie grounds exist, specific charges are framed, read out, and plea is recorded.

   BNSS Section 250 →BNSS Section 251 →CrPC Section 227 →CrPC Section 228 →
6. 6

   Prosecution Evidence

   The prosecution examines its witnesses (chief examination) and the defence advocates conduct cross-examination to test credibility and establish reasonable doubt.

   BNSS Section 254 →CrPC Section 231 →
7. 7

   Statement of the Accused

   The court personally questions the accused without oath to explain every incriminating circumstance appearing in the evidence. Answers may be taken into consideration.

   BNSS Section 351 →CrPC Section 313 →
8. 8

   Defence Evidence & Final Arguments

   The accused may call defence witnesses and produce rebuttal documents. Both sides present their final oral and written legal arguments on facts and judicial precedents.

   BNSS Section 256 →BNSS Section 350 →CrPC Section 233 →CrPC Section 314 →
9. 9

   Judgment & Sentencing

   The court delivers written judgment. If convicted, a mandatory separate hearing on the quantum of sentence is held before imposing fine or imprisonment.

   BNSS Section 258 →BNSS Section 259 →CrPC Section 235 →